CH¦¥NG iiI: Kü thuËt an toµn lao ®éng trong thiÕt kÕ vµthi c«ng x©y dùng
1 më ®Çu
-Theo kinh nghÖm cho biÕt cã nhiÒu tr−êng hîp tai n¹n lao ®éng x¶y ra do nguyªn nh©n liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng thiÕu sãt trong hå s¬ thiÕt kÕ, chñ yÕu lµ thiÕu biÖn ph¸p b¶o hé lao ®éng.
-§iÒu quan träng nhÊt trong thiÕt kÕ tæ chøc x©y dùng vµ thiÕt kÕ thi c«ng lµ ph¶i ®Ò ra ®−îc biÖn ph¸p thi c«ng tèi −u víi yªu cÇu tr−íc tiªn lµ ph¶i ®¶m b¶o an toµn lao ®éng, sau ®ã míi ®Õn vÊn ®Ò kinh tÕ vµ c¸c yÕu tè kh¸c.
2 néi dung chñ yÕu cña c«ng t¸c thiÕt kÕ biÖn ph¸p kü thuËt an toµn
-C«ng t¸c thiÕt kÕ biÖn ph¸p kü thuËt an toµn ph¶i tiÕn hµnh song song víi c«ng t¸c thiÕt kÕ biÖn ph¸p kü thuËt vµ tæ chøc thi c«ng. Néi dung ph¶i ®Ò cËp ®Õn nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p c¬ b¶n sau ®©y:
1. BiÖn ph¸p b¶o ®¶m an toµn thi c«ng trong qu¸ tr×nh x©y l¾p. VÝ dô: thi c«ng c«ng t¸c chó träng khi ®µo s©u; thi c«ng c«ng t¸c BT vµ BTCT chó ý nh÷ng c«ng viÖc trªn cao;
thi c«ng l¾p ghÐp c¸c cÊu kiÖn sö dông c¸c thiÕt bÞ kü thuËt cã khèi l−îng, kÝch th−íc lín vµ c«ng kÒnh cÇn chän ph−¬ng ph¸p treo buéc vµ th¸o dì kÕt cÊu an toµn, biÖn ph¸p ®−a nh©n c«ng lªn xuèng vµ tæ chøc lµm viÖc trªn cao; thi c«ng bèc dì, vËn chuyÓn c¸c kÕt cÊu vµ vËt liÖu x©y dùng, thiÕt bÞ kü thuËt, m¸y mãc trªn c¸c kho b·i.
2. B¶o ®¶m an toµn ®i l¹i, giao th«ng vËn chuyÓn trªn c«ng tr−êng, chó träng c¸c tuyÕn ®−êng giao nhau, hÖ thèng cÊp ®iÖn, cÊp n−íc vµ tho¸t n−íc.
3. BiÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng tai n¹n ®iÖn trªn c«ng tr−êng. Thùc hiÖn nèi ®Êt cho c¸c m¸y mãc thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn, sö dông c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn tù ®éng an toµn trªn m¸y hµn ®iÖn; rµo ng¨n, treo biÓn b¸o nh÷ng n¬i nguy hiÓm.
4. Lµm hÖ thèng chèng sÐt trªn c¸c c«ng tr−êng, ®Æc biÖt c¸c c«ng tr−êng cã chiÒu cao lín.
5. BiÖn ph¸p b¶o ®¶m an toµn phßng chèng ch¸y chung trªn c«ng tr−êng vµ nh÷ng n¬i dÔ ph¸t sinh ch¸y. X©y dùng nhµ cöa, kho tµng, n¬i chøa nhiªn liÖu theo ®óng néi quy phßng ch¸y.
3 an toµn lao ®éng khi lËp tiÕn ®é thi c«ng
-C¨n cø vµo biÖn ph¸p thi c«ng ®· chän, kh¶ n¨ng vµ thêi gian cung cÊp nh©n lùc, thiÕt bÞ
m¸y mãc, nguyªn vËt liÖu,...®Ó quyÕt ®Þnh chän thêi gian thi c«ng sao cho ®¶m b¶o an toµn
cho mçi d¹ng c«ng t¸c, mèi qu¸ tr×nh ph¶i hoµn thµnh trªn c«ng tr−êng. TiÕn ®é thi c«ng cã
thÓ ®−îc lËp trªn s¬ ®å ngang, m¹ng, lÞch hoÆc d©y chuyÒn.
-§Ó ®¶m b¶o an toµn lao ®éng khi lËp tiÕn ®é thi c«ng ph¶i chó ý nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau ®Ó tr¸nh
c¸c tr−êng hîp sù cè ®¸ng tiÕc x¶y ra:
1. Tr×nh tù vµ thêi gian thi c«ng c¸c c«ng viÖc ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh trªn c¬ së yªu cÇu vµ ®iÒu
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2. X¸c ®Þnh kÝch th−íc c¸c c«ng ®o¹n, tuyÕn c«ng t¸c hîp lý sao cho tæ, ®éi c«ng nh©n Ýt
ph¶i di chuyÓn nhÊt trong 1 ca, tr¸nh nh÷ng thiÕu sãt khi bè trÝ s¾p xÕp chç lµm viÖc
trong mçi lÇn thay ®æi.
3. Khi tæ chøc thi c«ng d©y chuyÒn kh«ng ®−îc bè trÝ c«ng viÖc lµm c¸c tÇng kh¸c nhau
trªn cïng 1 ph−¬ng ®øng nÕu kh«ng cã sµn b¶o vÖ cè ®Þnh hoÆc t¹m thêi; kh«ng bè trÝ
ng−êi lµm viÖc d−íi tÇm ho¹t ®éng cña cÇn trôc.
4. Trong tiÕn ®é tæ chøc thi c«ng d©y chuyÒn trªn c¸c ph©n ®o¹n ph¶i ®¶m b¶o sù lµm
viÖc nhÞp nhµng gi÷a c¸c tæ, ®éi tr¸nh chång chÐo g©y trë ng¹i vµ tai n¹n cho nhau.
4 an toµn lao ®éng khi lËp mÆt b»ng thi c«ng
-MÆt b»ng thi c«ng quy ®Þnh râ chç lµm viÖc cña m¸y mãc, kho vËt liÖu vµ n¬i ®Ó cÊu kiÖn;
hÖ thèng s¶n xuÊt cña xÝ nghiÖp phô, c«ng tr×nh t¹m; hÖ thèng ®−êng vËn chuyÓn, ®−êng thi
c«ng trong vµ ngoµi c«ng tr−êng; hÖ thèng ®iÖn n−íc...
-Bè trÝ mÆt b»ng thi c«ng kh«ng nh÷ng ®¶m b¶o c¸c nguyªn t¾c thi c«ng mµ cßn ph¶i chó ý
tíi vÖ sinh vµ an toµn lao ®éng.
I.Tiªu chuÈn vµ biÖn ph¸p lËp mÆt b»ng thi c«ng:
-Khi thiÕt kÕ mÆt b»ng thi c«ng ph¶i c¨n cø vµo diÖn tÝch khu ®Êt, ®Þa thÕ, vÞ trÝ c¸c c«ng tr×nh
®Ó x¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ c¸c c«ng tr×nh phôc vô thi c«ng, vÞ trÝ tËp kÕt m¸y mãc, thiÕt bÞ, kho b·i,
®−êng vËn chuyÓn, hÖ thèng cung cÊp ®iÖn n−íc, hÖ tèng tho¸t n−íc,... §ång thêi ph¶i ®Ò cËp
®Õn nh÷ng yªu cÇu néi dung vÒ kü thuËt an toµn, vÖ sinh lao ®éng vµ phßng chèng ch¸y sau
®©y:
1. ThiÕt kÕ c¸c phßng sinh ho¹t phôc vô cho c«ng nh©n ph¶i tÝnh to¸n theo quy ph¹m ®Ó
®¶m b¶o tiªu chuÈn vÖ sinh lao ®éng. Nªn thiÕt kÕ theo kiÓu th¸o l¾p hoÆc cã thÓ di
chuyÓn ®−îc ®Ó tiÕt kiÖm vËt liÖu vµ tiÖn lîi khi sö dông. Khu vÖ sinh ph¶i ®Ó ë cuèi
h−íng giã, xa chç lµm viÖc nh−ng kh«ng qu¸ 100m.
2. Tæ chøc ®−êng vËn chuyÓn vµ ®−êng ®i l¹i hîp lý. §−êng vËn chuyÓn trªn c«ng tr−êng
ph¶i ®¶m b¶o nh− sau:
· §−êng 1 chiÒu tèi thiÓu 4m, ®−êng 2 chiÒu tèi thiÓu 7m.
· Tr¸nh bè trÝ giao nhau nhiÒu trªn luång vËn chuyÓn gi÷a ®−êng s¾t vµ ®−¬nngf
«t«.
· Chç giao nhau ®¶m b¶o ph¶i nh×n râ tõ xa 50m tõ mäi phÝa.
· B¸n kÝnh ®−êng vßng nhá nhÊt tõ 30-40m.
· §é dèc ngang kh«ng qu¸ 5%.
3. ThiÕt kÕ chiÕu s¸ng chç lµm viÖc cho c¸c c«ng viÖc lµm ®ªm vµ trªn c¸c ®−êng ®i l¹i
theo tiªu chuÈn ¸nh s¸ng.
4. Rµo ch¾n c¸c vïng nguy hiÓm nh− tr¹m biÕn thÕ, khu vùc ®Ó vËt liÖu dÔ ch¸y næ, xung
quanh c¸c dµn gi¸o c¸c c«ng tr×nh cao, khu vùc xung quanh vïng ho¹t ®éng cña c¸c
cÇn trôc, hè v«i,...
5. Trªn b×nh ®å x©y dùng ph¶i chØ râ n¬i dÔ g©y ho¶ ho¹n, ®−êng ®i qua vµ ®−êng di
chuyÓn cña xe hoÆc ®−êng chÝnh tho¸t ng−êi khi cã ho¶ ho¹n. Ph¶i bè trÝ chi tiÕt vÞ trÝ
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6. Nh÷ng chæ bè trÝ kho tµng ph¶i b»ng ph¼ng, cã lèi tho¸t n−íc ®¶m b¶o æn ®Þnh kho;
viÖc bè trÝ ph¶i liªn hÖ chÆt chÏ c«ng t¸c bèc dì, vËn chuyÓn. BiÕt c¸ch s¾p xÕp
nguyªn vËt liÖu vµ c¸c cÊu kiÖn ®Ó ®¶m b¶o an toµn.
· C¸c vËt liÖu chøa ë b·i, kho lé thiªn nh− ®¸ c¸c lo¹i, g¹ch, c¸t, thÐp h×nh, gç
c©y,...nªn c¬ giíi kh©u bèc dì vµ vËn chuyÓn ®Ó gi¶m c¸c tr−êng hîp tai n¹n
· C¸c nguyªn vËt liÖu thµnh phÈm, b¸n thµnh phÈm cÇn s¾p xÕp gän gµng, ®óng
n¬I quy ®Þnh, kh«ng vøt bõa b·i, c¶n trë lèi ®i l¹i. Bè trÝ tõng khu vùc riªng biÖt
cho c¸c vËt liÖu vµ chó ý ®Õn tr×nh tù bèc dì vµ vËn chuyÓn hîp lý.
7. Lµm hÖ thèng chèng sÐt cho giµn gi¸o kim lo¹i vµ c¸c c«ng tr×nh ®éc lËp nh− trô ®Ìn
pha, c«ng tr×nh cã chiÒu cao lín.
8. Khi lµm viÖc trªn cao hoÆc xuèng s©u, ®å ¸n ph¶i nªu c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®−a c«ng nh©n lªn
xuèng vµ hÖ thèng b¶o vÖ.
9. Bè trÝ m¹ng cung cÊp ®iÖn trªn c«ng tr−êng. M¹ng ph¶i cã s¬ ®å chØ dÉn, c¸c cÇu dao
ph©n ®o¹n ®Ó cã thÓ c¾t ®iÖn toµn bé hay tõng khu vùc. D©y ®iÖn ph¶i treo lªn c¸c cét
hoÆc gi¸ ®ì ch¾c ch¾n (kh«ng ®−îc tr¶i trªn mÆt sµn, mÆt ®Êt) ë ®é cao 3.5m so víi
mÆt b»ng vµ 6m khi cã xe cé qua l¹i.
10. Bè trÝ nhµ cöa theo tiªu chuÈn phßng ch¸y, ch÷a ch¸y.
II.ThiÕt kÕ vµ bè trÝ mÆt b»ng thi c«ng:
1.MÆt b»ng c«ng tr−êng:
-Mét mÆt b»ng thi c«ng tèi −u lµ phôc vô cho an toµn lao ®éng, søc khoÎ c«ng nh©n vµ cho
n¨ng suÊt cao.
-ViÖc thiÕt kÕ tèt lµ yÕu tè thiÕt yÕu trong c«ng t¸c chuÈn bÞ, ®em l¹i hiÖu qu¶ vµ an toµn khi
thi c«ng x©y dùng.
-Tr−íc khi thiÕt kÕ mÆt b»ng cÇn nghiªn cøu kü c¸c vÊn ®Ò sau ®©y:
1. Tr×nh tù c«ng viÖc tiÕn hµnh, chó ý ®Õn c«ng viÖc nguy hiÓm.
2. Bè trÝ lèi vµo vµ ®−êng vµnh ®ai cho c«ng nh©n; c¸c lèi vµo vµ ra cho ph−¬ng tiÖn cÊp
cøu; c¸c rµo ch¾n b¶o vÖ.
3. Lèi ®i cho ph−¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng, thùc tÕ cho thÊy bè trÝ 1 chiÒu lµ tèt nhÊt.
4. VËt liÖu vµ thiÕt bÞ gÇn n¬i s¶n xuÊt cµng tèt, nÕu kh«ng cÇn quy ®Þnh thêi gian biÓu
®−a tíi, m¸y mãc phô vô thi c«ng cÇn biÕt quy tr×nh ho¹t ®éng cña nã.
5. Bè trÝ x−ëng lµm viÖc, th−êng kh«ng di chuyÓn ®Õn khi lµm viÖc xong.
6. Bè trÝ trang thiÕt bÞ y tÕ, ch¨m sãc c«ng nh©n.
7. Bè trÝ ¸nh s¸ng nh©n t¹o t¹i nh÷ng n¬i lµm viÖc liªn tôc hoÆc trêi tèi, cÇn sö dông dßng
®iÖn h¹ thÕ cho chiÕu s¸ng t¹m thêi vµ thiÕt bÞ cÇm tay.
8. Chó ý vÊn ®Ò an ninh trong c«ng tr−êng.
9. S¾p xÕp c«ng tr−êng ng¨n n¾p vµ cÇn tËp huÊn cho c«ng nh©n.
2.Sù ng¨n n¾p cña c«ng tr−êng:
-§Ó ®¶m b¶o, cÇn thùc hiÖn c¸c b−íc sau ®©y:
1. Lµm vÖ sinh tr−íc khi nghØ, kh«ng ®Ó r¸c cho ng−êi sau dän.
2. CÊt dän vËt liÖu, thiÕt bÞ ch−a cÇn dïng ngay khái lèi ®i, cÇu thang vµ n¬i lµm viÖc.
3. Vøt phÕ liÖu vµo chç quy ®Þnh.
4. 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3.Yªu cÇu chung ®èi víi c«ng tr−êng x©y dùng:
1. Kh«ng g©y « nhiÔm qu¸ giíi h¹n cho phÐp ®èi víi m«i tr−êng xung quanh g©y ¶nh
h−ëng xÊu ®Õn sinh ho¹t, s¶n xuÊt cña d©n c− xung quanh.
2. Kh«ng g©y nguy hiÓm cho d©n c− xung quanh c«ng tr−êng.
3. Kh«ng g©y lón, sôt, lë; nøt ®æ nhµ cöa, c«ng tr×nh vµ hÖ thèng kü thuËt h¹ tÇng ë xung
quanh.
4. Kh«ng g©y c¶n trë giao th«ng do vi ph¹m lßng ®−êng, vØa hÌ.
5. Kh«ng ®−îc ®Ó x¶y ra sù cè ch¸y næ.
6. Thùc hiÖn rµo ng¨n xung quanh c«ng tr−êng vµ cã biÓn b¸o, tÝn hiÖu ë vïng nguy
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