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CH¦¥NG iI: VÖ sinh lao ®éng trong s¶n xuÊt
1 më ®Çu
I.§èi tưîng vµ nhiÖm vô nghiªn cøu cña khoa häc vÖ sinh lao ®éng:
-Khoa häc vÖ sinh lao ®éng sÏ nghiªn cøu t¸c dông sinh häc cña c¸c yÕu tè bÊt lîi ¶nh h−ëng
®Õn søc khoÎ vµ tæ chøc c¬ thÓ con ng−êi, còng nh− c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng, lµm gi¶m vµ lo¹i
trõ t¸c h¹i cña chóng.
-TÊt c¶ c¸c yÕu tè g©y t¸c dông cã h¹i lªn con ng−êi riªng lÏ hay kÕt hîp trong ®iÒu kiÖn s¶n
xuÊt gäi lµ t¸c h¹i nghÒ nghiÖp. KÕt qu¶ t¸c dông cña chóng lªn c¬ thÓ con ng−êi cã thÓ g©y
ra c¸c bÖnh tËt ®−îc gäi lµ bÖnh nghÒ nghiÖp.
-§èi t−îng cña vÖ sinh lao ®éng lµ nghiªn cøu:
· Qu¸ tr×nh lao ®éng vµ s¶n xuÊt cã ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn søc khoÎ con ng−êi.
· Nguyªn liÖu, vËt liÖu, b¸n thµnh phÈm vµ vËt th¶i ra cã ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn søc khoÎ con
ng−êi.
· Qu¸ tr×nh sinh lý cña con ng−êi trong thêi gian lao ®éng.
· Hoµn c¶nh, m«i tr−êng lao ®éng cña con ng−êi.
· T×nh h×nh s¶n xuÊt kh«ng hîp lý ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn søc khoÎ con ng−êi.
-Môc ®Ých nghiªn cøu lµ ®Ó tiªu diÖt nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n cã ¶nh h−ëng kh«ng tèt ®Õn søc
khoÎ vµ kh¶ n¨ng lao ®éng cña con ng−êi.
→Do ®ã, nhiÖm vô chÝnh cña vÖ sÞnh lao ®éng lµ dïng biÖn ph¸p c¶i tiÕn lao ®éng, qu¸ tr×nh
thao t¸c, s¸ng t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn s¶n xuÊt hoµn thiÖn ®Ó n©ng cao tr¹ng th¸i søc khoÎ vµ kh¶ n¨ng
lao ®éng cho ng−êi lao ®éng.
II.Nh÷ng nh©n tè ¶nh hưëng vµ biÖn ph¸p phßng ngõa:
1.Nh÷ng nh©n tè ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn søc khoÎ c«ng nh©n trong lao ®éng s¶n xuÊt:
-TÊt c¶ nh÷ng nh©n tè ¶nh h−ëng cã thÓ chia lµm 3 lo¹i:
· Nh©n tè vËt lý häc: nh− nhiÖt ®é cao thÊp bÊt th−êng cña lß cao, ngän löa cña hµn hå
quang, ¸p lùc khÝ trêi bÊt th−êng, tiÕng ®éng, chÊn ®éng cña m¸y,...
· Nh©n tè ho¸ häc: nh− khÝ ®éc, vËt thÓ cã chÊt ®é, bôi trong s¶n xuÊt...
· Nh©n tè sinh vËt: ¶nh h−ëng cña sinh vËt, vi trïng mµ sinh ra bÖnh truyÒn nhiÔm.
-C¸c nh©n tè trªn cã thÓ g©y ra bÖnh nghÒ nghiÖp lµm con ng−êi cã bÖnh nÆng thªm hoÆc
bÖnh ph¸t triÓn réng, tr¹ng th¸i søc khoÎ cña ng−êi lao ®éng xÊu ®i rÊt nhiÒu.
→V× thÕ, vÖ sinh lao ®éng ph¶i nghiªn cøu c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®Ó phßng ngõa.
2.C¸c biÖn ph¸p phßng ngõa chung:
-C¸c bÖnh nghÒ nghiÖp vµ nhiÔm ®éc trong x©y dùng c¬ b¶n cã thÓ ®Ò phßng b»ng c¸ch thùc
hiÖn tæng hîp c¸c biÖn ph¸p kü thuËt vµ tæ chøc nh»m:
· C¶i thiÖn chung t×nh tr¹ng chç lµm viÖc vµ vïng lµm viÖc.
· C¶i thiÖn m«i tr−êng kh«ng khÝ.
· Thùc hiÖn chÕ ®é vÖ sinh s¶n xuÊt vµ biÖn ph¸p vÖ sinh an toµn c¸ nh©n.
-Tæng hîp c¸c biÖn ph¸p trªn bao gåm c¸c vÊn ®Ò sau:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif)
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· Lùa chän ®óng ®¾n vµ ®¶m b¶o c¸c yÕu tè vi khÝ hËu, tiÖn nghi khi thiÕt kÕ c¸c nhµ
x−ëng s¶n xuÊt.
· Lo¹i trõ t¸c dông cã h¹i cña chÊt ®éc vµ nhiÖt ®é cao lªn ng−êi lµm viÖc.
· Lµm gi¶m vµ triÖt tiªu tiÕng ån, rung ®éng.
· Cã chÕ ®é lao ®éng riªng ®èi víi mét sè c«ng viÖc nÆng nhäc tiÕn hµnh trong c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn vËt lý kh«ng b×nh th−êng, trong m«i tr−êng ®éc h¹i,...
· Tæ chøc chiÕu s¸ng tù nhiªn vµ nh©n t¹o ë chç lµm viÖc hîp lý theo tiªu chuÈn yªu
cÇu.
· §Ò phßng bÖnh phãng x¹ cã liªn quan ®Õn viÖc sö dông c¸c chÊt phãng x¹ vµ ®ång vÞ.
· Sö dông c¸c dông cô phßng hé c¸ nh©n ®Ó b¶o vÖ c¬ quan thÞ gi¸c, h« hÊp, bÒ mÆt
da,...
2 ¶nh h−ëng cña t×nh tr¹ng mÖt mái vµ t− thÕ lao ®éng
IMÖt mái trong lao ®éng:
1.Kh¸i niÖm mÖt mái trong lao ®éng:
-MÖt mái lµ tr¹ng th¸i t¹m thêi cña c¬ thÓ x¶y ra sau 1 thêi gian lao ®éng nhÊt ®Þnh. MÖt mái
trong lao ®«ng thÓ hiÖn ë chç:
· N¨ng suÊt lao ®éng gi¶m.
· Sè l−îng phÕ phÈm t¨ng lªn.
· DÔ bÞ x¶y ra tai n¹n lao ®éng.
-Khi mÖt mái, ng−êi lao ®éng c¶m gi¸c khã chÞu, buån ch¸n c«ng viÖc. NÕu ®−îc nghØ ng¬i,
c¸c biÓu hiÖn trªn mÊt dÇn, kh¶ n¨ng lao ®éng ®−îc phôc håi.
-NÕu mÖt mái kÐo dµi sÏ dÉn ®Õn t×nh tr¹ng qu¸ mÖt mái th× kh«ng cßn lµ hiÖn t−îng sinh lý
b×nh th−êng mµ ®· chuyÓn sang t×nh tr¹ng bÖnh lý do sù tÝch chøa mÖt mái lµm rèi lo¹n c¸c
chøc n¨ng thÇn kinh vµ ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn toµn bé c¬ thÓ.
2.Nguyªn nh©n g©y ra mÖt mái trong lao ®éng:
· Lao ®éng thñ c«ng nÆng nhäc vµ kÐo dµi, gi÷a ca lµm viÖc kh«ng cã thêi gian nghØ
ng¬i hîp lý.
· Nh÷ng c«ng viÖc cã tÝnh chÊt ®¬n ®iÖu, kÝch thÝch ®Òu ®Òu g©y buån ch¸n.
· Thêi gian lµm viÖc qu¸ dµi.
· N¬i lµm viÖc cã nhiÒu yÕu tè ®éc h¹i nh− tiÕng ån, rung chuyÓn qu¸ lín, nhiÖt ®é ¸nh
s¸ng kh«ng hîp lý...
· Lµm viÖc ë t− thÕ gß bã: ®øng ngåi b¾t buéc, ®i l¹i nhiÒu lÇn...
· ¡n uèng kh«ng ®¶m b¶o khÈu phÇn vÒ n¨ng l−îng còng nh− vÒ sinh tè, c¸c chÊt dinh
d−ìng cÇn thiÕt...
· Nh÷ng ng−êi míi tËp lao ®éng hoÆc nghÒ nghiÖp ch−a thµnh th¹o...
· Bè trÝ c«ng viÖc qu¸ kh¶ n¨ng hoÆc søc khoÎ mµ ph¶i lµm nh÷ng viÖc cÇn g¾ng søc
nhiÒu...
· Do c¨ng th¼ng qu¸ møc cña c¬ quan ph©n tÝch nh− thÞ gi¸c, thÝnh gi¸c.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif)
- 14 -
· Tæ chøc lao ®éng thiÕu khoa häc.
· Nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n vÒ gia ®×nh , x· héi ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn t×nh c¶m t− t−ëng cña ng−êi
lao ®éng.
3.BiÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng mÖt mái trong lao ®éng:
· C¬ giíi ho¸ vµ tù ®éng ho¸ trong qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt. Kh«ng nh÷ng lµ biÖn ph¸p quan
träng ®Ó t¨ng n¨ng suÊt lao ®éng, mµ cßn lµ nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p c¬ b¶n ®Ò phßng mái
mÖt.
· Tæ chøc lao ®éng khoa häc, tæ chøc d©y chuyÒn lao ®éng vµ ca kÝp lµm viÖc hîp lý ®Ó
t¹o ra nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn tèi −u gi÷a con ng−êi vµ m¸y, gi÷a con ng−êi vµ m«i tr−êng lao
®éng...
· C¶i thiÖn ®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc cho ng−êi lao ®éng nh»m lo¹i trõ c¸c yÕu tè cã h¹i.
· Bè trÝ giê giÊc lao ®éng vµ nghØ ng¬i hîp lý, kh«ng kÐo dµi thêi gian lao ®éng nÆng
nhäc qu¸ møc quy ®Þnh, kh«ng bè trÝ lµm viÖc thªm giê qu¸ nhiÒu.
· Coi träng khÈu phÇn ¨n cña ng−êi lao ®éng, ®Æc biÖt lµ nh÷ng nghÒ nghiÖp lao ®éng
thÓ lùc.
· RÌn luyÖn thÓ dôc thÓ thao, t¨ng c−êng nghØ ng¬i tÝch cùc.
· X©y dùng tinh thÇn yªu lao ®éng, yªu ngµnh nghÒ, lao ®éng tù gi¸c, t¨ng c−êng c¸c
biÖn ph¸p ®éng viªn t×nh c¶m, t©m lý nh»m lo¹i nh÷ng nh©n tè tiªu cùc dÉn ®Õn mÖt
mái vÒ t©m lý, t− t−ëng.
· Tæ chøc tèt c¸c kh©u vÒ gia ®×nh, x· héi nh»m t¹o ra cuéc sèng vui t−¬i lµnh m¹nh ®Ó
t¸i t¹o søc lao ®éng, ®ång thêi ng¨n ngõa mÖt mái.
II.T− thÕ lao ®éng b¾t buéc:
-Do yªu cÇu s¶n xuÊt, mçi lo¹i nghÒ nghiÖp ®Òu cã mét t− thÕ riªng. Ng−êi ta chia t− thÕ lµm
viÖc thµnh 2 lo¹i:
· T− thÕ lao ®éng tho¶ m¸i lµ t− thÕ cã thÓ thay ®æi ®−îc trong qu¸ tr×nh lao ®éng nh−ng
kh«ng ¶nh h−ëng ®Ôn s¶n xuÊt.
· T− thÕ lao ®éng b¾t buéc lµ t− thÕ mµ ng−êi lao ®éng kh«ng thay ®æi ®−îc trong qu¸
tr×nh lao ®éng.
1.T¸c h¹i lao ®éng t− thÕ b¾t buéc: XÐt 2 tr−êng hîp:
a/T− thÕ lao ®éng ®øng b¾t buéc:
· Cã thÓ lµm vÑo cét sèng, lµm d·n tÜnh m¹ch ë kheo ch©n. Ch©n bÑt lµ mét bÖnh nghÒ
nghiÖp rÊt phæ biÕn do t− thÕ ®øng b¾t buéc g©y ra.
· BÞ c¨ng th¼ng do ®øng qu¸ l©u, khíp ®Çu gèi bÞ biÕn d¹ng cã thÓ bÞ bÖnh khuúnh ch©n
d¹ng ch÷ O hoÆc ch÷ X.
· ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn bé phËn sinh dôc n÷, g©y ra sù t¨ng ¸p lùc ë trong khung chËu lµm cho
tö cung bÞ ®Ì Ðp, nÕu l©u ngµy cã thÓ dÉn ®Õn v« sinh hoÆc g©y ra chøng rèi lo¹n kinh
nguyÖt.
b/T− thÕ lao ®éng ngåi b¾t buéc:
· NÕu ngåi l©u ë t− thÕ b¾t buéc sÏ dÉn ®Õn biÕn d¹ng cét sèng.
· Lµm t¨ng ¸p lùc trong khung chËu vµ còng g©y ra c¸c biÕn ®æi vÞ trÝ cña tö cung vµ rèi
lo¹n kinh nguyÖt.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif)
- 15 -
· T− thÕ ngåi b¾t buéc cßn g©y ra t¸o bãn, h¹ trÜ.
⇒So víi t− thÕ ®øng th× Ýt t¸c h¹i h¬n.
2.BiÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng:
· C¬ giíi ho¸ vµ tù ®éng ho¸ qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt lµ biÖn ph¸p tÝch cùc nhÊt.
· C¶i tiÕn thiÕt bÞ vµ c«ng cô lao ®éng ®Ó t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc thuËn lîi cho ng−êi lao
®éng.
· RÌn luyÖn th©n thÓ ®Ó t¨ng c−êng kh¶ n¨ng lao ®éng vµ kh¾c phôc mäi ¶nh h−ëng xÊu
do nghÒ nghiÖp g©y ra, cßn cã t¸c dông chØnh h×nh trong c¸c tr−−ßng hîp bÞ gï vÑo cét
sèng vµ lÊy l¹i sù th¨ng b»ng do sù ®Ì Ðp c¨ng th¼ng qu¸ møc ë bông.
· Tæ chøc lao ®éng hîp lý: bè trÝ ca kÝp hîp lý, nghØ ng¬i thÝch hîp ®Ó tr¸nh t− thÕ ngåi
vµ ®øng b¾t buéc qu¸ l©u ë mét sè ngµnh nghÒ.
§3 ¶nh h−ëng cña ®IÒu kiÖn khÝ hËu ®èi víi c¬ thÓ
-§iÒu kiÖn khÝ hËu cña hoµn c¸nh s¶n xuÊt lµ t×nh tr¹ng vËt lý cña kh«ng khÝ bao gåm c¸c
yÕu tè nh− nhiÖt ®é, ®é Èm t−¬ng ®èi, tèc ®é l−u chuyÓn kh«ng khÝ vµ bøc x¹ nhiÖt trong
ph¹m vi m«i tr−êng s¶n xuÊt cña ng−êi lao ®éng. Nh÷ng yÕu tè nµy t¸c ®éng trùc tiÕp ®Õn c¬
thÓ con ng−êi, g©y ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn søc khoÎ→lµm gi¶m kh¶ n¨ng lao ®éng cña c«ng nh©n.
I.NhiÖt ®é kh«ng khÝ:
1.NhiÖt ®é cao:
-N−íc ta ë vïng nhiÖt ®íi nªn mïa hÌ nhiÖt ®é cã khi lªn ®Õn 40oC. Lao ®éng ë nhiÖt ®é cao
®oi hái sù cè g¾ng cao cña c¬ thÓ, sù tuÇn hoµn m¸u m¹nh h¬n, tÇn suÊt h« hÊp t¨ng, sù thiÕu
hôt «xy t¨ng→c¬ thÓ ph¶i lµm viÖc nhiÒu ®Ó gi÷ c©n b»ng nhiÖt.
-Khi lµm viÖc ë nhiÖt ®é cao, ng−êi lao ®éng bÞ mÊt nhiÒu må h«i, trong lao ®éng nÆng c¬ thÓ
ph¶i mÊt 6-7 lÝt må h«i nªn sau 1 ngµy lµm viÖc c¬ thÓ cã thÓ bÞ sót 2-4 kg.
-Må h«i mÊt nhiÒu sÏ lµm mÊt 1 sè l−îng muèi cña c¬ thÓ. C¬ thÓ co ng−êi chiÕm 75% lµ
n−íc, nªn viÖc mÊt n−íc kh«ng ®−îc bï ®¾p kÞp thêi dÉn ®Õn nh÷ng rèi lo¹n c¸c chøc n¨ng
sinh lý cña c¬ thÓ do rèi lo¹n chuyÓn ho¸ muèi vµ n−íc g©y ra.
-Khi c¬ thÓ mÊt n−íc vµ muèi qu¸ nhiÒu sÏ dÉn ®Õn c¸c hËu qu¶ sau ®©y:
· Lµm viÖc ë nhiÖt ®é cao, nÕu kh«ng ®iÒu hoµ th©n nhiÖt bÞ trë ng¹i sÏ lµm th©n nhiÖt
t¨ng lªn. Dï th©n nhiÖt t¨ng 0.3-1oC, trong ng−êi ®· c¶m thÊy khã chÞu→g©y ®au ®Çu,
chãng mÆt, buån n«n, g©y trë ng¹i nhiÒu cho s¶n xuÊt vµ c«ng t¸c. NÕu kh«ng cã biÖn
ph¸p kh¾c phôc dÉn ®Õn hiÖn t−îng say nãng, say n¾ng, kinh giËt, mÊt trÝ.
· Khi c¬ thÓ mÊt n−íc, m¸u sÏ bÞ qu¸nh l¹i, tim lµm viÖc nhiÒu nªn dÔ bÞ suy tim. Khi
®iÒu hoµ th©n nhiÖt bÞ rèi lo¹n nghiªm träng th× ho¹t ®éng cña tim còng bÞ rèi lo¹n râ
rÖt.
· §èi víi c¬ quan thËn, b×nh th−êng bµI tiÕt tõ 50-70% tæng sè n−íc cña c¬ thÓ. Nh−ng
trong lao ®éng nãng, do c¬ thÓ tho¸t må h«i nªn thËn chØ bµi tiÕt 10-15% tæng sè
n−íc→n−íc tiÓu c« ®Æc g©y viªm thËn.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) 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![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) 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- 16 -
· Khi lµm viÖc ë nhiÖt ®é cao, c«ng nh©n uèng nhiÒu n−íc nªn dÞch vÞ lo·ng lµm ¨n kÐm
ngon vµ tiªu ho¸ còng kÐm sót. Do mÊt th¨ng b»ng vÒ muèi vµ n−íc nªn ¶nh h−ëng
®Õn bµi tiÕt c¸c chÊt dÞch vÞ ®Õn rèi lo¹n vÒ viªm ruét, d¹ dµy.
· Khi lµm viÖc ë nhiÖt ®é cao, hÖ thÇn kinh trung −¬ng cã nh÷ng ph¶n øng nghiªm
träng. Do sù rèi lo¹n vÒ chøc n¨ng ®iÒu khiÓn cña vá n·o sÏ dÉn ®Õn gi¶m sù chó ý vµ
tèc ®é ph¶n x¹ sù phèi hîp ®éng t¸c lao ®éng kÐm chÝnh x¸c..., lµm cho n¨ng suÊt
kÐm, phÕ phÈm t¨ng vµ dÔ bÞ tai n¹n lao ®éng.
2.NhiÖt ®é thÊp:
-T¸c h¹i cña nhiÖt ®é thÊp ®èi víi c¬ thÓ Ýt h¬n so víi nhiÖt ®é cao. Tuy nhiªn sù chªnh lÖch
qu¸ nhiÒu còng g©y ¶nh h−ëng xÊu ®Õn c¬ thÓ:
· NhiÖt ®é thÊp, ®Æc biÖt khi cã giã m¹nh sÏ lµm cho c¬ thÓ qu¸ l¹nh g©y ra c¶m l¹nh.
· BÞ l¹nh côc bé th−êng xuyªn cã thÓ dÉn ®Õn bÞ c¶m m·n tÝnh, rÐt run, tª liÖt tõng bé
phËn riªng cña c¬ thÓ.
· NhiÖt ®é qu¸ thÊp c¬ thÓ sinh loÐt c¸c huyÕt qu¶n, ®au c¸c khíp x−¬ng, ®au c¸c b¾p
thÞt.
· NhiÖt ®é n¬i lµm viÖc l¹nh cã thÓ lµm cho c«ng nh©n bÞ cãng, cö ®éng kh«ng chÝnh
x¸c, n¨ng suÊt gi¶m thÊp.
-Nh÷ng ng−êi lµm viÖc d−íi n−íc l©u, lµm viÖc n¬i qu¸ l¹nh cÇn ph¶i ®−îc trang bÞ c¸c
ph−¬ng tiÖn cÇn thiÕt ®Ó chèng rÐt vµ chèng c¸c t¸c h¹i do l¹nh g©y ra.
II.§é Èm kh«ng khÝ:
-§é Èm kh«ng khÝ nãi lªn l−îng h¬i n−íc chøa trong kh«ng khÝ t¹i n¬i s¶n xuÊt. §é Èm t−¬ng
®èi cña kh«ng khÝ cao tõ 75-80% trë lªn sÏ lµm cho sù ®iÒu hoµ nhiÖt ®é khã kh¨n, lµm gi¶m
sù to¶ nhiÖt b»ng con ®−êng bèc må h«i.
-NÕu ®é Èm kh«ng khÝ cao vµ khi nhiÖt ®é cao, lÆng giã lµm con ng−êi nãng bøc, khã chÞu.
-NÕu ®é Èm kh«ng khÝ thÊp, cã giã võa ph¶i th× th©n nhiÖt kh«ng bÞ t¨ng lªn, con ng−êi c¶m
thÊy tho¶ m¸i, nh−ng kh«ng nªn ®Ó ®é Èm thÊp h¬n 30%.
III.Luång kh«ng khÝ:
-Luång kh«ng khÝ biÓu thÞ b»ng tèc ®é chuyÓn ®éng cña kh«ng khÝ. Tèc ®é l−u chuyÓn
kh«ng khÝ cã ¶nh h−ëng trùc tiÕp ®Õn sù to¶ nhiÖt, nã cµng lín th× sù to¶ nhiÖt trong 1 ®¬n vÞ
thêi gian cµng nhiÒu.
-Giã cã ¶nh h−ëng rÊt tèt ®Õn víi viÖc bèc h¬i nªn n¬i lµm viÖc cÇn tho¸ng m¸t.
-Luång kh«ng khÝ cã tèc ®é ®Òu hoÆc cã tèc ®é vµ ph−¬ng thay ®æi nhanh chãng ®Òu cã ý
nghÜa vÖ sinh quan träng trong s¶n xuÊt.
III.BiÖn ph¸p chèng nãng cho ng−êi lao ®éng:
-C¶i tiÕn kü thuËt, c¬ giíi ho¸ vµ tù ®éng ho¸ c¸c kh©u s¶n xuÊt mµ c«ng nh©n ph¶i lµm viÖc
trong nhiÖt ®é cao.
-C¸ch ly nguån nhiÖt b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p che ch¾n. NÕu cã ®iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ lµm l¸ng di ®éng
cã m¸i che ®Ó chèng nãng.
-Bè trÝ hÖ thèng th«ng giã tù nhiªn vµ nh©n t¹o ®Ó t¹o ra luång kh«ng khÝ th−êng xuyªn n¬i
s¶n xuÊt, ®ång thêi ph¶i cã biÖn ph¸p chèng Èm ®Ó lµm cho c«ng nh©n dÔ bèc må h«i:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) 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![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif)
- 17 -
· §Ó tr¸nh n¾ng vµ bøc x¹ mÆt trêi vµ lîi dông h−íng giã th× nhµ s¶n xuÊt nªn x©y dùng
theo h−íng b¾c-nam, cã ®ñ diÖn tÝch cöa sæ, cöa trêi t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn th«ng giã tèt.
· ë nh÷ng n¬i côc bé to¶ ra nhiÒu nhiÖt nh− lß rÌn, lß sÊy hÊp, ë phÝa trªn cã thÓ ®Æt n¾p
hoÆc chôp hót tù nhiªn hay c−ìng bøc nh»m hót th¶i kh«ng khÝ nãng hoÆc h¬i ®éc ra
ngoµi kh«ng cho lan trµn ra kh¾p ph©n x−ëng.
· Bè trÝ m¸y ®iÒu hoµ nhiÖt ®é ë nh÷ng bé phËn s¶n xuÊt ®Æc biÖt.
-H¹n chÕ bít ¶nh h−ëng tõ c¸c thiÕt bÞ, m¸y mãc vµ qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt bøc x¹ nhiÒu nhiÖt:
· C¸c thiÕt bÞ bøc x¹ nhiÖt ph¶i bè trÝ ë c¸c phßng riªng. NÕu qu¸ tr×nh c«ng nghÖ cho
phÐp, c¸c lo¹i lß nªn bè trÝ ngoµi nhµ.
· M¸y mãc, ®−êng èng, lß vµ c¸c thiÕt bÞ to¶ nhiÖt kh¸c nªn lµm c¸ch nhiÖt b»ng c¸c vËt
liÖu nh− b«ng, ami¨ng, vËt liÖu chÞu löa, bªt«ng bét. NÕu ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cho phÐp sö
dông chÊt c¸ch nhiÖt th× xung quanh thiÕt bÞ bøc x¹ nhiÖt cã thÓ lµm 1 líp vá bao vµ
mµn ch¾n hoÆc mµn n−íc.
· S¬n mÆt ngoµi buång l¸i c¸c m¸y x©y dùng b»ng s¬n cã hÖ sè ph¶n chiÕu tia n¨ng lín
nh− s¬n nhñ, s¬n mµu tr¾ng...
-Tæ chøc lao ®éng hîp lý, c¶i thiÖn tèt ®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc ë chç n¾ng, nãng. T¹o ®iÒu kiÖn
nghØ ng¬i vµ båi d−ìng hiÖn vËt cho c«ng nh©n. T¨ng c−êng nhiÒu sinh tè trong khÈu phÇn
¨n, cung cÊp ®ñ n−íc uèng s¹ch vµ hîp vÖ sinh (pha thªm 0.5% muèi ¨n), ®¶m b¶o chç t¾m
röa cho c«ng nh©n sau khi lµm viÖc.
-Sö dông c¸c dông cô phßng hé c¸ nh©n, quÇn ¸o b»ng v¶i cã sîi chèng nhiÖt cao ë nh÷ng n¬i
nãng, kÝnh mµu, kÝnh mê ng¨n c¸c tia cã h¹i cho m¾t.
-Kh¸m søc khoÎ ®Þnh kú cho c«ng nh©n lao ®éng ë chç nãng, kh«ng bè trÝ nh÷ng ng−êi cã
bÖnh tim m¹ch vµ thÇn kinh lµm viÖc ë nh÷ng n¬i cã nhiÖt ®é cao.
§4 bôi trong s¶n xuÊt
I.Kh¸i niÖm bôi trong s¶n xuÊt:
-NhiÒu qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt trong thi c«ng vµ c«ng nghiÖp vËt liÖu x©y dùng ph¸t sinh rÊt nhiÒu
bôi. Bôi lµ nh÷ng vËt chÊt rÊt bÐ ë tr¹ng th¸i l¬ l÷ng trong kh«ng khÝ trong 1 thêi gian nhÊt
®Þnh.
-Kh¾p n¬i ®Òu cã bôi nh−ng trªn c«ng tr−êng, trong xÝ nghiÖp, nhµ m¸y cã bôi nhiÒu h¬n.
1.C¸c lo¹i bôi:
a/C¨n cø vµo nguån gèc cña bôi: Cã c¸c lo¹i sau:
-Bôi h÷u c¬ gåm cã:
· Bôi ®éng vËt sinh ra tõ 1 ®éng vËt nµo ®ã: bôi l«ng, bôi x−¬ng...
· Bôi thùc vËt sinh ra tõ 1 sinh vËt nµo ®ã: bôi b«ng, bôi gç...
-Bôi v« c¬ gåm cã:
· Bôi v« c¬ kim lo¹i nh− bôi ®ång, bôi s¾t...
· Bôi v« c¬ kho¸ng vËt: ®Êt ®¸, xim¨ng, th¹ch anh,...
-Bôi hçn hîp: do c¸c thµnh phÇn vËt chÊt trªn hîp thµnh.
b/Theo møc ®é nhá cña bôi:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif)
- 18 -
-Nhãm nh×n thÊy ®−îc víi kÝch th−íc lín h¬n 10mk.
-Nhãm nh×n thÊy qua kÝnh hiÓn vi vi kÝch th−íc tõ 0.25-10mk.
-Nhãm kÝch th−íc nhá h¬n chØ nh×n qua kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö.
2.C¸c nguyªn nh©n t¹o ra bôi:
-Bôi s¶n xuÊt th−êng t¹o ra nhiÒu trong c¸c kh©u thi c«ng lµm ®Êt ®¸, m×n, bèc dì nhµ cöa,
®Ëp nghiÒn sµng ®¸ vµ c¸c vËt liÖu v« c¬ kh¸c, nhµo trén bªt«ng, v«i v÷a, chÕ biÕn vËt liÖu,
chÕ biÕn vËt liÖu h÷u c¬ khi nghiÒn hoÆc t¸n nhá.
-Khi vËn chuyÓn vËt liÖu rêi bôi tung ra do kÕt qu¶ rung ®éng, khi phun s¬n bôi t¹o ra d−íi
d¹ng s−¬ng, khi phun c¸t ®Ó lµm s¹ch c¸c bÒ mÆt t−êng nhµ.
-ë c¸c xÝ nghiÖp liªn hiÖp x©y dùng nhµ cöa vµ nhµ m¸y bªt«ng ®óc s½n, cã c¸c thao t¸c thu
nhËn, vËn chuyÓn, chøa chÊt vµ sö dông mét sè l−îng lín chÊt liªn kÕt vµ phô gia ph¶i ®¸nh
®ãng nhiÒu lÇn, th−êng xuyªn t¹o ra bôi cã chøa SiO2.
3.Ph©n tÝch t¸c h¹i cña bôi:
-Bôi g©y ra nh÷ng t¸c h¹i vÒ mÆt kü thuËt nh−:
· B¸m vµo m¸y mãc thiÕt bÞ lµm cho m¸y mãc thiÕt bÞ chãng mßn.
· B¸m vµo c¸c æ trôc lµm t¨ng ma s¸t.
· B¸m vµo c¸c m¹ch ®éng c¬ ®iÖn g©y hiÖn t−îng ®o·n m¹ch vµ cã thÓ lµm ch¸y ®éng
c¬ ®iÖn.
-Bôi chñ yÕu g©y t¸c h¹i lín ®èi víi søc khoÎ cña ng−êi lao ®éng.
→Møc ®é t¸c h¹i cña bôi lªn c¸c bé phËn c¬ thÓ con ng−êi phô thuéc vµo tÝnh chÊt ho¸ lý,
tÝnh ®éc, ®é nhá vµ nång ®é bôi. V× vËy trong s¶n xuÊt cÇn ph¶i cã biÖn ph¸p phßng vµ chèng
bôi cho c«ng nh©n.
II.T¸c h¹i cña bôi ®èi víi c¬ thÓ:
-§èi víi da vµ niªm m¹c: bôi b¸m vµo da lµm s−ng lç ch©n l«ng dÉn ®Õn bÖnh viªm da, cßn
b¸m vµo niªm m¹c g©y ra viªm niªm m¹c. §Æc biÖt cã 1 sè lo¹i bôi nh− len d¹, nhùa ®−êng
cßn cã thÓ g©y dÞ øng da.
-§èi víi m¾t: bôi b¸m vµo m¾t g©y ra c¸c bÖnh vÒ m¾t nh− viªm mµng tiÕp hîp, viªm gi¸c
m¹c. NÕu bôi nhiÔm siªu vi trïng m¾t hét sÏ g©y bÖnh m¾t hét. Bôi kim lo¹i cã c¹nh s¾c nhän
khi b¸m vµo m¾t lµm x©y x¸t hoÆc thñng gi¸c m¹c, lµm gi¶m thÞ lùc cña m¾t. NÕu lµ bôi v«i
khi b¾n vµo m¾t g©y báng m¾t.
-§èi víi tai: bôi b¸m vµo c¸c èng tai g©y viªm, nÕu vµo èng tai nhiÒu qu¸ lµm t¾c èng tai.
-§èi víi bé m¸y tiªu ho¸: bôi vµo miÖng g©y viªm lîi vµ s©u r¨ng. C¸c lo¹i bôi h¹t to nÕu s¾c
nhän g©y ra x©y x¸t niªm m¹c d¹ dµy, viªm loÐt hoÆc g©y rèi lo¹n tiªu ho¸.
-§èi víi bé m¸y h« hÊp: v× bôi chøa trong kh«ng khÝ nªn t¸c h¹i lªn ®−êng h« hÊp lµ chñ yÕu.
Bôi trong kh«ng khÝ cµng nhiÒu th× bôi vµo trong phæi cµng nhiÒu. Bôi cã thÓ g©y ra viªm
mòi, viªm khÝ phÕ qu¶n, lo¹i bôi h¹t rÊt bÐ tõ 0.1-5mk vµo ®Õn tËn phÕ nang g©y ra bÖnh bôi
phæi. BÖnh bôi phæi ®−îc ph©n thµnh:
· BÖnh bôi silic (bôi cã chøa SiO2 trong v«i, xim¨ng,...).
· BÖnh bôi silicat (bôi silicat, ami¨ng, bét tan).
· BÖnh bôi than (bôi than).
· BÖnh bôi nh«m (bôi nh«m).![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) 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→BÖnh bôi silic lµ lo¹i phæ biÕn vµ nguy hiÓm nhÊt, cã thÓ ®−a ®Õn bÖnh lao phæi nghiªm
träng. ¤xit silic tù do (c¸t, th¹ch anh) kh«ng nh÷ng chØ ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn tÕ bµo phæi mµ cßn
®Õn toµn bé c¬ thÓ g©y ra ph¸ huû néi t©m vµ trung −¬ng thÇn kinh.
-§èi víi toµn th©n: nÕu bÞ nhiÔm c¸c lo¹i bôi ®éc nh− ho¸ chÊt, ch×, thuû ng©n, th¹ch tÝn...khi
vµo c¬ thÓ, bôi ®−îc hoµ tan vµo m¸u g©y nhiÔm ®éc cho toµn c¬ thÓ.
III.BiÖn ph¸p phßng vµ chèng bôi:
1.BiÖn ph¸p kü thuËt:
-Ph−¬ng ph¸p chñ yÕu ®Ó phßng bôi trong c«ng t¸c xay, nghiÒn, sµng, bèc dì c¸c lo¹i vËt liÖu
h¹t rêi hoÆc dÔ sinh bôi lµ c¬ giíi ho¸ qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt ®Ó c«ng nh©n Ýt tiÕp xóc víi bôi. Che
®Ëy c¸c bé phËn m¸y ph¸t sinh nhiÒu bôi b»ng vá che, tõ ®ã ®Æt èng hót th¶i bôi ra ngoµi.
-Dïng c¸c biÖn ph¸p quan träng ®Ó khö bôi b»ng c¬ khÝ vµ ®iÖn nh− buång l¾ng bôi b»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p ly t©m, läc bôi b»ng ®iÖn, khö bôi b»ng m¸y siªu ©m, dïng c¸c lo¹i l−íi läc bôi
b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p ion ho¸ tæng hîp.
-¸p dông c¸c biÖn ph¸p vÒ s¶n xuÊt −ít hoÆc s¶n xuÊt trong kh«ng khÝ Èm nÕu ®iÒu kiÖn cho
phÐp hoÆc cã thÓ thay ®æi kü thuËt trong thi c«ng.
-Sö dông hÖ thèng th«ng giã tù nhiªn vµ nh©n t¹o, rót bít ®é ®Ëm ®Æc cña bôi trong kh«ng
khÝ b»ng c¸c hÖ thèng hót bôi, hót bôi côc bé trùc tiÕp tõ chç bôi ®−îc t¹o ra.
-Th−êng xuyªn lµm tæng vÖ sinh n¬i lµm viÖc ®Ó gi¶m träng l−îng bôi dù tr÷ trong m«i
tr−êng s¶n xuÊt.
2.BiÖn ph¸p vÒ tæ chøc:
-Bè trÝ c¸c xÝ nghiÖp, x−ëng gia c«ng,...ph¸t ra nhiÒu bôi, xa c¸c vïng d©n c−, c¸c khu vùc
nhµ ë. C«ng tr×nh nhµ ¨n, nhµ trÎ ®Òu ph¶i bè trÝ xa n¬i s¶n xuÊt ph¸t sinh ra bôi.
-§−êng vËn chuyÓn c¸c nguyªn vËt liÖu, b¸n thµnh phÈm, thµnh phÈm mang bôi ph¶i bè trÝ
riªng biÖt ®Ó tr¸nh t×nh tr¹ng tung bôi vµo m«i tr−êng s¶n xuÊt nãi chung vµ ë c¸c khu vùc
gi¸n tiÕp. Tæ chøc tèt t−íi Èm mÆt ®−êng khi trêi n¾ng giã, hanh kh«.
3.Trang bÞ phßng hé c¸ nh©n:
-Trang bÞ quÇn ¸o c«ng t¸c phßng bôi kh«ng cho bôi lät qua ®Ó phßng ngõa cho c«ng nh©n
lµm viÖc ë nh÷ng n¬i nhiÒu bôi, ®Æc biÖt ®èi víi bôi ®éc.
-Dïng khÈu trang, mÆt n¹ h« hÊp, b×nh thë, kÝnh ®eo m¾t ®Ó b¶o vÖ m¾t, mòi, miÖng.
4.BiÖn ph¸p y tÕ:
-ë trªn c«ng tr−êng vµ trong nhµ m¸y ph¶i cã ®ñ nhµ t¾m, n¬i röa cho c«ng nh©n. Sau khi
lµm viÖc c«ng nh©n ph¶i t¾m giÆt s¹ch sÏ, thay quÇn ¸o.
-CÊm ¨n uèng, hót thuèc l¸ n¬i s¶n xuÊt.
-Kh«ng tuyÓn dông ng−êi cã bÖnh m·n tÝnh vÒ ®−êng h« hÊp lµm viÖc ë nh÷ng n¬i nhiÒu bôi.
Nh÷ng c«ng nh©n tiÕp xóc víi bôi th−êng xuyªn ®−îc kh¸m søc khoÎ ®Þnh kú ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn
kÞp thêi nh÷ng ng−êi bÞ bÖnh do nhiÔm bôi.
-Ph¶i ®Þnh kú kiÓm ta hµm l−îng bôi ë m«i tr−êng s¶n xuÊt, nÕu thÊy qu¸ tiªu chuÈn cho
phÐp ph¶i t×m mäi biÖn ph¸p lµm gi¶m hµm l−îng bôi.
5.C¸c biÖn ph¸p kh¸c:
-Thùc hiÖn tèt kh©u båi d−ìng hiÖn vËt cho c«ng nh©n.
-Tæ chøc ca kÝp vµ bè trÝ giê giÊc lao ®éng, nghØ ng¬i hîp lý ®Ó t¨ng c−êng søc khoÎ.
-Coi träng khÈu phÇn ¨n vµ rÌn luyÖn th©n thÓ cho c«ng nh©n.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) 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§5 tiÕng ån vµ rung ®éng trong s¶n xuÊt
I.T¸c h¹i cña tiÕng ån vµ rung ®éng:
-Trong c«ng tr×nh x©y dùng cã nhiÒu c«ng t¸c sinh ra tiÕng ån vµ rung ®éng. TiÕng ån vµ
rung ®éng trong s¶n xuÊt lµ c¸c t¸c h¹i nghÒ nghiÖp nÕu c−êng ®é cña chóng v−ît qu¸ giíi
h¹n tiªu chuÈn cho phÐp.
1.Ph©n tÝch t¸c h¹i cña tiÕng ån:
a/§èi víi c¬ quan thÝnh gi¸c:
-Khi chÞu t¸c dông cña tiÕng ån, ®é nh¹y c¶m cña thÝnh gi¸c gi¶m xuèng, ng−ìng nghe t¨ng
lªn. Khi rêi m«i tr−êng ån ®Õn n¬i yªn tÜnh, ®é nh¹y c¶m cã kh¶ n¨ng phôc håi l¹i nhanh
nh−ng sù phôc håi ®ã chØ cã 1 h¹n ®é nhÊt ®Þnh.
-D−íi t¸c dông kÐo dµi cña tiÕng ån, thÝnh lùc gi¶m ®t râ rÖt vµ ph¶i sau 1 thêi gian kh¸ l©u
sau khi rêi n¬i ån, thÝnh gi¸c míi phôc håi l¹i ®−îc.
-NÕu t¸c dông cña tiÕng ån lÆp l¹i nhiÒu lÇn, thÝnh gi¸c kh«ng cßn kh¶ n¨ng phôc håi hoµn
toµn vÒ tr¹ng th¸i b×nh th−êng ®−îc, sù tho¸i ho¸ dÇn dÇn sÏ ph¸t triÓn thµnh nh÷ng biÕn ®æi
cã tÝnh chÊt bÖnh lý g©y ra bÖnh nÆng tai vµ ®iÕc.
b/§èi víi hÖ thÇn kinh trung −¬ng:
-TiÕng ån c−êng ®é trung b×nh vµ cao sÏ g©y kÝch thÝch m¹nh ®Õn hÖ thèng thÇn kinh trung
−¬ng, sau 1 thêi gian dµi cã thÓ dÉn tíi huû ho¹i sù ho¹t ®éng cña dÇu n·o thÓ hiÖn ®au ®Çu,
chãng mÆt, c¶m gi¸c sî h·i, hay bùc tøc, tr¹ng th¸i t©m thÇn kh«ng æn ®Þnh, trÝ nhí gi¶m
sót...
c/§èi víi hÖ thèng chøc n¨ng kh¸c cña c¬ thÓ:
-¶nh h−ëng xÊu ®Õn hÖ th«ng tim m¹ch, g©y rèi lo¹n nhÞp tim.
-Lµm gi¶m bít sù tiÕt dÞch vÞ, ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn co bãp b×nh th−êng cña d¹ dµy.
-Lµm cho hÖ thèng thÇn kinh bÞ c¨ng th¼ng liªn tôc cã thÓ g©y ra bÖnh cao huyÕt ¸p.
-Lµm viÖc tiÕp xóc víi tiÕng ån qu¸ nhiÒu, cã thÓ dÇn dÇn bÞ mÖt mái, ¨n uèng sót kÐm vµ
kh«ng ngñ ®−îc, nÕu t×nh tr¹ng ®ã kÐo dµi sÏ dÉn ®Õn bÖnh suy nh−îc thÇn kinh vµ c¬ thÓ.
2.Ph©n tÝch t¸c h¹i cña rung ®éng:
-Khi c−êng ®é nhá vµ t¸c ®éng ng¾n th× sù rung ®éng nµy cã ¶nh h−ëng tèt nh− t¨ng lùc b¾p
thÞt, lµm gi¶m mÖt mái,...
-Khi c−êng ®é lín vµ t¸c dông l©u g©y khã chÞu cho c¬ thÓ. Nh÷ng rung ®éng cã tÇn sè thÊp
nh−ng biªn ®é lín th−êng g©y ra sù l¾c xãc, nÕu biªn ®é cµng lín th× g©y ra l¾c xãc cµng
m¹nh. T¸c h¹i cô thÓ:
· Lµm thay ®æi ho¹t ®éng cña tim, g©y ra di lÖch c¸c néi t¹ng trong æ bông, lµm rèi lo¹n
sù ho¹t ®éng cña tuyÕn sinh dôc nam vµ n÷.
· NÕu bÞ l¾c xãc vµ rung ®éng kÐo dµi cã thÓ lµm thay ®æi ho¹t ®éng chøc n¨ng cña
tuyÕn gi¸p tr¹ng, g©y chÊn ®éng c¬ quan tiÒn ®×nh vµ lµm rèi lo¹n chøc n¨ng gi÷ th¨ng
b»ng cña c¬ quan nµy.
· Rung ®éng kÕt hîp víi tiÕng ån lµm c¬ quan thÝnh gi¸c bÞ mÖt mái qu¸ møc dÉn ®Õn
bÖnh ®iÕc nghÒ nghiÖp.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) 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· Rung ®éng l©u ngµy g©y nªn c¸c bÖnh ®©u x−¬ng khíp, lµm viªm c¸c hÖ thèng x−¬ng
khíp. §Æc biÖt trong ®iÒu kiÖn nhÊt ®Þnh cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn g©y thµnh bÖnh rung ®éng
nghÒ nghiÖp.
· §èi víi phô n÷, nÕu lµm viÖc trong ®iÒu kiÖn bÞ rung ®éng nhiÒu sÏ g©y di lÖch tö cung
dÉn ®Õn t×nh tr¹ng v« sinh. Trong nh÷ng ngµy hµnh kinh, nÕu bÞ rung ®éng vµ l¾c xãc
nhiÒu sÏ g©y ø m¸u ë tö cung.
II.Nguån ph¸t sinh tiÕng ån vµ rung ®éng:
1.Nguån ph¸t sinh tiÕng ån:
-Cã nhiÒu nguån ph¸t sinh tiÕng ån kh¸c nhau:
· Theo n¬i xuÊt hiÖn tiÕng ån: ph©n ra tiÕng ån trong nhµ m¸y s¶n xuÊt vµ tiÕng ån trong
sinh ho¹t.
· Theo nguån xuÊt ph¸t tiÕng ån: ph©n ra tiÕng ån c¬ khÝ, tiÕng ån khÝ ®éng vµ tiÕng ån
c¸c m¸y ®iÖn.
-TiÕng ån c¬ khÝ:
· G©y ra bëi sù lµm viÖc cña c¸c m¸y mãc do sù chuyÓn ®éng cña c¸c c¬ cÊu ph¸t ra
tiÕng ån kh«ng khÝ trùc tiÕp.
· G©y ra bëi bÒ mÆt c¸c c¬ cÊu hoÆc c¸c bé phËn kÕt cÊu liªn quan víi chóng.
· G©y ra bëi sù va ch¹m gi÷a c¸c vËt thÓ trong c¸c thao t¸c ®Ëp bóa khi rÌn, gß, d¸t kim
lo¹i,...
-TiÕng ån khÝ ®éng:
· Sinh ra do chÊt láng hoÆc h¬i, khÝ chuyÓn ®éng vËn tèc lín (tiÕng ån qu¹t m¸y, m¸y
khÝ nÐn, c¸c ®éng c¬ ph¶n lùc...).
-TiÕng ån cña c¸c m¸y ®iÖn:
· Do sù rung ®éng cña c¸c phÇn tÜnh vµ phÇn quay d−íi ¶nh h−ëng cña lùc tõ thay ®æi
t¸c dông ë khe kh«ng khÝ vµ ë ngay trong vËt liÖu cña m¸y ®iÖn.
· Do sù chuyÓn ®éng cña c¸c dßng kh«ng khÝ ë trong m¸y vµ sù rung ®éng c¸c chi tiÕt
vµ c¸c ®Çu mèi do sù kh«ng c©n b»ng cña phÇn quay.
2.Nguån rung ®éng ph¸t sinh:
-Trong c«ng t¸c ®Çm c¸c kÕt cÊu bªt«ng cèt thÐp tÊm lín tõ v÷a bªt«ng còng khi sö dông c¸c
®Çm rung lín hoÆc c¸c lo¹i ®Çm cÇm tay.
-Tõ c¸c lo¹i dông cô c¬ khÝ víi bé phËn chuyÓn ®éng ®iÖn hoÆc khÝ nÐn lµ nh÷ng nguån rung
®éng g©y t¸c dông côc bé lªn c¬ thÓ con ng−êi.
3.C¸c th«ng sè ®Æc tr−ng cho tiÕng ån vµ rung ®éng:
a/§Æc tr−ng cho tiÕng ån:
-§Æc tr−ng lµ c¸c th«ng sè vËt lý nh− c−êng ®é, tÇn sè, phæ tiÕng ån vµ c¸c th«ng sè sinh lý
nh− møc to, ®é cao. T¸c h¹i g©y ra bëi tiÕng ån phô thuéc vµo c−êng ®é vµ tÇn sè cña nã.
-TiÕng ån møc 100-120dB víi tÇn sè thÊp vµ 80-95dB víi tÇn sè trung b×nh vµ cao cã thÓ g©y
ra sù thay ®æi ë c¬ quan thÝnh gi¸c. TiÕng ån møc 130-150dB cã thÓ g©y huû ho¹i cã tÝnh
chÊt c¬ häc ®èi víi c¬ quan thÝnh gi¸c (thñng mµng nhÜ).
-Theo tÇn sè, tiÕng ån chia thµnh tiÕng ån cã tÇn sè thÊp d−íi 300Hz, tÇn sè trung b×nh 300-
1000Hz, tÇn sè cao trªn 3000Hz. TiÕng ån tÇn sè cao cã h¹i h¬n tiÕng ån tÇn sè thÊp.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) 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-Tuú theo ®Æc ®IÓm cña tiÕng ån mµ phæ cña nã cã thÓ lµ phæ liªn tôc, phæ gi¸n ®o¹n (phæ
th−a) vµ phæ hæn hîp. Hai lo¹i sau g©y ¶nh h−ëng ®Æc biÖt xÊu lªn c¬ thÓ con ng−êi.
b/§Æc tr−ng cho rung ®éng:
-§Æc tr−ng lµ biªn ®é dao ®éng A, tÇn sè f, vËn tèc v, gia tèc ù.
-§Æc tr−ng c¶m gi¸c cña con ng−êi chÞu t¸c dông rung ®éng chung víi biªn bé 1mm nh− sau:
III.BiÖn ph¸p phßng vµ chèng tiÕng ån:
1.Lo¹i trõ nguån ph¸t sinh ra tiÕng ån:
-Dïng qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt kh«ng tiÕng ån thay cho qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt cã tiÕng ån.
-Lµm gi¶m c−êng ®é tiÕng ån ph¸t ra tõ m¸y mãc vµ ®éng c¬.
-Gi÷ cho c¸c m¸y ë tr¹ng th¸i hoµn thiÖn: siÕt chÆt bul«ng, ®inh vÝt, tra dÇu mì th−êng
xuyªn.
2.C¸ch ly tiÕng ån vµ hót ©m:
-Chän vËt liÖu c¸ch ©m ®Ó lµm nhµ cöa. Lµm nÒn nhµ b»ng cao su, c¸t, nÒn nhµ ph¶i ®µo s©u,
xung quanh nªn ®µo r·nh c¸ch ©m réng 6-10cm.
· Møc ®é c¸ch ©m yªu cÇu ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh theo trÞ sè c¸ch ©m D. TrÞ sè D lµ hiÖu sè møc
®é ¸p lùc tiÕng ån trung b×nh ë trong phßng cã nguån ån L1 vµ bªn ngoµi phßng cã
nguån ån L2:
D = L1 - L2 (dB) (2.1)
· D phô tuéc vµo kh¶ n¨ng c¸ch ©m R cña t−êng ng¨n, x¸c ®Þnh theo c«ng thøc:
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· B«ng, bät biÓn, b¨ng ®Æt vµo lç tai lµ nh÷ng lo¹i ®¬n gi¶n nhÊt. B«ng lµm gi¶m ån tõ
3-14dB trong gi¶i tÇn sè 100-600Hz, b¨ng tÈm mì gi¶m 18dB, b«ng len tÈm s¸p gi¶m
®Õn 30dB.
· Dïng nót b»ng chÊt dÎo bÞt kÝn tai cã thÓ gi¶m xuèng 20dB.
· Dïng n¾p chèng ån óp bªn ngoµi tai cã thÓ gi¶m tíi 30dB khi tÇn sè lµ 500Hz vµ 40dB
khi tÇn sè 2000Hz. Lo¹i n¾p chèng ån chÕ t¹o tõ cao su bät kh«ng ®−îc thuËn tiÖn l¾m
khi sö dông v× ng−êi lµm mÖt do ¸p lùc lªn mµng tai qu¸ lín.
4.ChÕ ®é lao ®éng hîp lý:
-Nh÷ng ng−êi lµm viÖc tiÕp xóc nhiÒu víi tiÕng ån cÇn ®−îc bít giê lµm viÖc hoÆc cã thÓ bè
trÝ xen kÏ c«ng viÖc ®Ó cã nh÷ng qu·ng nghØ thÝch hîp.
-Kh«ng nªn tuyÓn lùa nh÷ng ng−êi m¾c bÖnh vÒ tai lµm viÖc ë nh÷ng n¬i cã nhiÒu tiÕng ån.
-Khi ph¸t hiÖn cã dÊu hiÖu ®iÕc nghÒ nghiÖp th× ph¶i bè trÝ ®Ó c«ng nh©n ®−îc ngõng tiÕp xóc
víi tiÕng ån cµng sím cµng tèt.
IV.§Ò phßng vµ chèng t¸c h¹i cña rung ®éng:
1.BiÖn ph¸p kü thuËt:
-Thay c¸c bé phËn m¸y mãc thiÕt bÞ ph¸t ra rung ®éng.
-KiÓm tra th−êng xuyªn vµ söa ch÷a kÞp thêi c¸c chi tiÕt m¸y bÞ mßn vµ h− háng hoÆc gia
c«ng c¸c chi tiÕt m¸y ®Æc biÖt ®Ó khö rung.
-NÒn bÖ m¸y thiÕt bÞ ph¶i b»ng ph¼ng vµ ch¾c ch¾n. C¸ch ly nh÷ng thiÕt bÞ ph¸t ra ®é rung
lín b»ng nh÷ng r·nh c¸ch rung xung quanh mãng m¸y.
1.Mãng ®Öm c¸t 2.C¸t ®Öm 1.TÊm lãt 2.Mãng m¸y g©y rung
3.M¸y g©y rung ®éng 3.Khe c¸ch ©m 4.Mãng nhµ
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2.BiÖn ph¸p tæ chøc s¶n xuÊt:
-NÕu c«ng viÖc thay thÕ ®−îc cho nhau th× nªn bè trÝ s¶n xuÊt lµm nhiÒu ca kÝp ®Ó san sÏ møc
®é tiÕp xóc víi rung ®éng cho mäi ng−êi.
-Nªn bè trÝ ca kÝp s¶n xuÊt b¶o ®¶m gi÷a 2 thêi kú lµm viÖc ng−êi thî cã qu¶ng nghØ dµi
kh«ng tiÕp xóc víi rung ®éng.
3.Phßng hé c¸ nh©n:
-T¸c dông cña c¸c dông cô phßng hé c¸c nh©n chèng l¹i rung ®éng lµ gi¶m trÞ sè biªn ®é dao
®éng truyÒn ®Õn c¬ thÓ khi cã rung ®éng chung hoÆc lªn phÇn c¬ thÓ tiÕp xóc víi vËt rung
®éng.
-Giµy v¶i chèng rung: cã miÕng ®Öm lãt b»ng cao su trong ®ã cã g¾n 6 lß xo. ChiÒu dµy
miÕng ®Öm 30mm, ®é cøng cña lß xo ë phÇn gãt 13kg/cm, ë phÇn ®Õ 10.5kg/cm. Khi tÇn sè
rung ®éng tõ 20-50Hz víi biªn ®é t−¬ng øng tõ 0.4-0.1mm th× ®é t¾t rung cña lo¹i giµy nµy
®¹t kho¶ng 80%.
-G¨ng tay chèng rung: ®−îc sö dông khi dïng c¸c dông cô cÇm tay rung ®éng hoÆc ®Çm rung
bÒ mÆt. Yªu cÇu chñ yÕu lµ h¹n chÕ t¸c dông rung ®éng ë chç tËp trung vµo tay. Sö dông
g¨ng tay cã líp lãt ë lßng bµn tay b»ng cao su xèp dµy sÏ lµm gi¶m biªn ®é rung ®éng víi tÇn
sè 50Hz tõ 3-4 lÇn. Dïng g¨ng tay chèng rung cã lãt cao su ®µn håi gi¶m sù truyÒn ®éng
rung ®éng ®i 10 lÇn.
4.BiÖn ph¸p y tÕ:
-Kh«ng nªn tuyÓn dông nh÷ng ng−êi cã c¸c bÖnh vÒ rèi lo¹n dinh d−ìng thÇn kinh, m¹ch
m¸u ë lßng bµn tay lµm viÖc tiÕp xóc víi rung ®éng.
-Kh«ng nªn bè trÝ phô n÷ l¸i c¸c lo¹i xe vËn t¶i cë lín v× sÏ g©y ra l¾c xãc nhiÒu.
§6 chiÕu s¸ng trong s¶n xuÊt
I.ý nghÜa viÖc chiÕu s¸ng trong s¶n xuÊt:
-ChiÕu s¸ng hîp lý trong c¸c phßng s¶n xuÊt vµ n¬i lµm viÖc trªn c¸c c«ng tr−êng vµ trong xÝ
nghiÖp c«ng nghiÖp x©y dùng lµ vÊn ®Ò quan träng ®Ó c¶I thiÖn ®iÒu kiÖn vÖ sinh, ®¶m b¶o an
toµn lao ®éng vµ n©ng cao ®−îc hiÕu suÊt lµm viÖc vµ chÊt l−îng s¶n phÈm, gi¶m bít sù mÖt
mái vÒ m¾t cña c«ng nh©n →gi¶m tai n¹n lao ®éng.
-ThÞ lùc m¾t cña ng−êi lao ®éng phô thuéc vµo ®é chiÕu s¸ng vµ thµnh phÇn quang phæ cña
nguån s¸ng:
· §é chiÕu s¸ng ¶nh h−ëng rÊt lín ®Õn thÞ lùc. §é chiÕu s¸ng ®¹t tíi møc quy ®Þnh cña
m¾t ph¸t huy ®−îc n¨ng lùc lµm viÖc cao nhÊt vµ ®é æn ®Þnh thÞ lùc m¾t cµng bÒn.
· Thµnh phÇn quang phæ cña nguån s¸ng còng cã t¸c dông lín ®èi víi m¾t, ¸nh s¸ng
mµu vµng, da cam gióp m¾t lµm viÖc tèt h¬n.
-Trong thùc tÕ s¶n xuÊt, nÕu ¸nh s¸ng ®−îc bè trÝ ®Çy ®ñ, mµu s¾c cña ¸nh s¸ng thÝch hîp th×
n¨ng suÊt lao ®éng t¨ng 20-30%. NÕu kh«ng ®¶m b¶o lµm cho m¾t chãng mái mÖt, dÉn tíi
cËn thÞ, kh¶ n¨ng lµm viÖc gi¶m vµ cã thÓ g©y tai n¹n lao ®éng.
-ViÖc tæ chøc chiÕu s¸ng hîp lý ®Ó phôc vô s¶n xuÊt trªn c«ng tr−êng, trong xÝ nghiÖp, kho
tµng, nhµ cöa ph¶i tho¶ m·n nh÷ng yªu cÇu sau:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) 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![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif)
- 25 -
· §¶m b¶o ®é s¸ng ®Çy ®ñ cho thi c«ng ë tõng m«i tr−êng s¶n xuÊt, kh«ng chãi qu¸
hoÆc kh«ng tèi qu¸ so víi tiªu chuÈn quy ®Þnh.
· Kh«ng cã bãng ®en vµ sù t−¬ng ph¶n lín.
· ¸nh s¸ng ®−îc ph©n bè ®Òu trong ph¹m vi lµm viÖc còng nh− trong toµn bé tr−êng
nh×n. ¸nh s¸ng ph¶i chiÕu ®óng xuèng c«ng cô hoÆc vËt phÈm ®ang s¶n xuÊt b»ng c¸c
lo¹i chao ®Ìn kh¸c nhau.
· HÖ thèng chiÕu s¸ng ph¶i tèi −u vÒ mÆt kinh tÕ.
II.T¸c h¹i cña viÖc chiÕu s¸ng kh«ng hîp lý:
1.§é chiÕu s¸ng kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ:
-NÕu lµm viÖc trong ®iÒu kiÖn chiÕu s¸ng kh«ng ®¹t tiªu chuÈn, m¾t ph¶i ®iÒu tiÕt qu¸ nhiÒu
trë nªn mÖt mái. T×nh tr¹ng m¾t bÞ mÖt mái kÐo dµi sÏ g©y ra c¨ng th¼ng lµm chËm ph¶n x¹
thÇn kinh, kh¶ n¨ng ph©n biÖt cña m¾t ®èi víi sù vËt dÇn dÇn bÞ sót kÐm.
-C«ng nh©n trÎ tuæi hoÆc c«ng nh©n trong løa tuæi häc nghÒ nÕu lµm viÖc trong ®iÒu kiÖn
thiÕu ¸nh s¸ng kÐo dµi sÏ sinh ra tËt cËn thÞ.
-NÕu ¸nh s¸ng qu¸ nhiÒu, sù phËn biÖt c¸c vËt bÞ nhÇm lÉn dÉn ®Õn lµm sai c¸c ®éng t¸c vµ do
®ã sÏ x¶y ra tai n¹n trong lao ®éng, ®ång thêi gi¶m n¨ng suÊt lao ®éng vµ chÊt l−îng s¶n
phÈm.
2.§é chiÕu s¸ng qu¸ chãi:
-NÕu c−êng ®é chiÕu s¸ng qu¸ lín hoÆc bè trÝ chiÕu s¸ng kh«ng hîp lý sÏ dÉn ®Õn t×nh tr¹ng
lo¸ m¾t lµm cho nhøc m¾t, do ®ã lµm gi¶m thÞ lùc cña c«ng nh©n.
-HiÖn t−îng chiÕu s¸ng chãi lo¸ buéc c«ng nh©n ph¶i mÊt thêi gian ®Ó cho m¾t thÝch nghi khi
nh×n tõ tr−êng ¸nh s¸ng th−êng sang tr−êng ¸nh s¸ng chãi vµ ng−îc l¹i→lµm gi¶m sù thô
c¶m cña m¾t, lµm gi¶m n¨ng suÊt lao ®éng, t¨ng phÕ phÈm vµ x¶y ra tai n¹n lao ®éng.
III.§é räi vµ tiªu chuÈn chiÕu s¸ng:
1.Kh¸i niÖm vÒ ®é räi E:
-§Ó x¸c ®Þnh ®iÒu kiÖn vµ tr×nh ®é cña thiÕt bÞ ¸nh s¸ng, ng−êi ta dïng kh¸i niÖm vÒ ®é s¸ng
cña bÒ mÆt ®−îc chiÕu s¸ng hay ®é räi. §é räi E lµ mËt ®é quang th«ng bÒ mÆt tøc lµ quang
th«ng ®æ lªn 1 bÒ mÆt x¸c ®Þnh, nã b»ng tû sè quang th«ng F ®èi víi diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt ®−îc
chiÕu s¸ng S:
F
S
Trong ®ã:
+E: ®é räi (lx-lux).
+F: quang th«ng (lm-luymen).
+S: diÖn tÝch (m2).
2.Tiªu chuÈn chiÕu s¸ng:
-Tiªu chuÈn chiÕu s¸ng chung cho mäi lÜnh vùc s¶n xuÊt ®−îc quy ®Þnh trong quy ph¹m
chiÕu s¸ng.
-Trªn c«ng tr−êng vµ xÝ nghiÖp, ®é räi ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi ®é chÝnh x¸c cña sù nh×n khi lµm
viÖc cµ c¸c yªu cÇu ®¶m b¶o an toµn trªn khu vùc lµm viÖc.
-Quy ®Þnh vÒ ®é räi tèi thiÓu cho 1 sè c«ng t¸c thi c«ng x©y dùng nh− sau:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif)
- 26 -
· Trªn c«ng tr−êng:
Trong khu vùc thi c«ng: 2lx.
Trªn ®−êng «t«: 1-3lx.
Trªn ®−êng s¾t: 0.5lx
· C«ng t¸c bèc dì vµ vËn chuyÓn lªn cao: 10lx.
· C«ng t¸c lµm ®Êt, ®ãng cäc, lµm ®−êng: 5-10lx.
· C«ng t¸c l¾p ghÐp cÊu kiÖn thÐp, bªt«ng vµ gç: 25lx.
· C«ng t¸c bªt«ng vµ bªt«ng cèt thÐp: 25lx.
· C«ng t¸c méc vµ ®ãng bµn ghÕ: 50lx.
· C«ng t¸c lµm m¸i: 30lx.
· C«ng t¸c hoµn thiÖn:
Tr¸t, l¸t, l¸ng, s¬n: 25-50lx.
Lµm kÝnh: 75lx.
IV.Ph−¬ng ph¸p chiÕu s¸ng trong s¶n xuÊt:
-Trong s¶n xuÊt th−êng lîi dông 3 lo¹i ¸nh s¸ng: tù nhiªn, nh©n t¹o vµ hçn hîp. Th−êng ë 1
n¬i lµm viÖc, tuú thêi gian kh¸c nhau mµ sö dông 1 trong 3 lo¹i ¸nh s¸ng trªn. Trong tÊt c¶
tr−êng hîp ®Òu nªn lîi dông ¸nh s¸ng tù nhiªn v× rÎ tiÒn nhÊt vµ cã ¶nh h−ëng tèt ®èi víi con
ng−êi.
1.ChiÕu s¸ng tù nhiªn:
-Cã thÓ cã c¸c c¸ch:
· ChiÕu s¸ng qua cöa trêi hoÆc cöa sæ lÊy ¸nh s¸ng trªn cao.
· ChiÕu s¸ng qua cöa sæ t−êng ng¨n.
· ChiÕu s¸ng kÕt hîp 2 h×nh thøc trªn.
-§Æc ®iÓm ¸nh s¸ng tù nhiªn lµ nã thay ®æi trong ph¹m vi rÊt lín, phô thuéc thêi gian trong
ngµy, mïa trong n¨m vµ thêi tiÕt. Trong mét thêi gian ng¾n ®é chiÕu s¸ng tù nhiªn cã thÓ
thay ®æi kh¸c nhau 1 vµi lÇn → cho nªn ®é chiÕu s¸ng trong phßng kh«ng nªn ®Æc tr−ng vµ
quy ®Þnh bëi ®¹i l−îng tuyÖt ®èi nh− ®èi víi chiÕu s¸ng nh©n t¹o.
-ChiÕu s¸ng tù nhiªn trong c¸c phßng cã thÓ ®Æc tr−ng b»ng ®¹i l−îng t−¬ng ®èi, tøc lµ cho
biÖt ®é chiÕu s¸ng bªn trong phßng tèi h¬n hay s¸ng h¬n ®é chiÕu s¸ng bªn ngoµi th«ng qua
hÖ sè gäi lµ hÖ sè chiÕu s¸ng tù nhiªn e:
- 27 -
-Nguån s¸ng nh©n t¹o cã thÓ lµ ®Ìn d©y tãc, ®Ìn huúnh quang, ®Ìn ®Æc biÖt vµ ®Ìn hå quang
®iÖn.
a/§Ìn d©y tãc:
Lo¹i bãng trong vµ mê Lo¹i 2 ®Ìn huúnh quang
H×nh 2.2: C¸c lo¹i bãng ®Ìn d©y tãc
-Mét ®Æc tr−ng cña cña ®Ìn d©y tãc lµ ®é chãi qu¸ lín g©y ra t¸c dông lo¸ m¾t. §Ó lo¹i trõ t¸c
dông ®ã, ng−êi ta th−êng dïng chao ®Ìn (lo¹i chiÕu th¼ng ®øng, ph¶n chiÕu vµ khuÕch t¸n).
-Møc ®é b¶o vÖ m¾t khái tia chãi x¸c ®Þnh bëi gãc á ®−îc t¹o nªn bëi ®−êng n»m ngang ®i
qua t©m d©y tãc vµ mÆt ph¼ng ®i qua mÐp cña chao ®Ìn vµ t©m d©y tãc hoÆc tiÕp tuyÕn víi
bãng ®Ìn.
b/§Ìn huúnh quang:
-Lo¹i nµy ngµy cµng ®−îc sö dông réng r·i trong 1 sè lÜnh vùc c«ng nghiÖp, ®Æc biÖt lµ n¬i
cÇn ph©n biÖt mµu s¾c hoÆc yªu cÇu ®é chÝnh x¸c cao.
-−u ®iÓm:
· VÒ mÆt vÖ sinh vµ kü thuËt ¸nh s¸ng th× ph©n t¸n ¸nh s¸ng tèt, Ýt chãi h¬n ®Ìn d©y tãc
vµi lÇn, hÇu nh− gÇn xo¸ ®−îc ¸nh s¸ng ®Ìn vµ ¸nh s¸ng tù nhiªn.
· VÒ c¸c chØ tiªu kinh tÕ, ®Ìn huúnh quang tiªu thô Ýt ®iÖn, ph¸t quang tèt vµ thêi gian
sö dông ®−îc l©u h¬n.
-Nh−îc ®iÓm:
· ChÞu ¶nh h−ëng cña m«i tr−êng xung quanh, kÕt cÊu ®Ìn phøc t¹p.
· Hay bÞ nhÊp nh¸y ®èi víi m¹ng ®iÖn xoay chiÒu.
c/TÝnh to¸n chiÕu s¸ng nh©n t¹o:
-Néi dung lµ x¸c ®Þnh sè l−îng ®Ìn chiÕu vµ c«ng suÊt chung cña chóng khi biÕt diÖn tÝch cÇn
chiÕu s¸ng vµ tiªu chuÈn chiÕu s¸ng.
-Mét trong nhøng ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n lµ tÝnh ®é räi theo c«ng suÊt riªng. §©y lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®¬n gi¶n nhÊt nh−ng kÐm chÝnh x¸c h¬n c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c. Th−êng dïng trong
thiÕt kÕ s¬ bé, kiÓm nghiÖm kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c vµ so s¸nh tÝnh kinh tÕ cña hÖ
thèng chiÕu s¸ng.
-Theo ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy, ®é räi ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh theo c«ng suÊt riªng:
-Sè l−îng ®Ìn ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh:
P × S
Pd
Trong ®ã:
+n: sè ®Ìn.
+S: diÖn tÝch khu vùc chiÕu s¸ng (m2).
+Pd: c«ng suÊt bãng ®Ìn (W).
-§Ó tr¸nh hiÖn t−îng ¸nh s¸ng chãi lo¸, khi bè trÝ chiÕu s¸ng cÇn ph¶i tu©n theo chiÒu cao tro
®Ìn x¸c ®Þnh. ChiÒu cao treo ®Ìn h phô thuéc vµo c«ng suÊt ®Ìn, sù ph¶n chiÕu vµ trÞ sè gãc
b¶o vÖ á. Kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c ®Ìn th−êng lÊy b»ng 1.5-2.5 lÇn chiÒu cao h.
V.§Ìn pha chiÕu s¸ng:
-ë trªn c«ng tr×nh khi thi c«ng vÒ ban ®ªm, ®Ó chiÕu s¸ng c¸c khu vùc x©y dùng, diÖn tÝch
kho b·i lín kh«ng thÓ bè trÝ c¸c ®Ìn chiÕu th−êng trªn bÒ mÆt cÇn chiÕu. Khi ®ã dïng ®Ìn
pha chiÕu s¸ng.
-C¸c lo¹i ®Ìn pha chiÕu s¸ng cã thÓ ph©n thµnh 2 lo¹i:
· §Ìn pha r·i ¸nh ¸ng cã chïm s¸ng to¶ ra t−¬ng ®èi réng nhê bé phËn ph¶n chiÕu b»ng
kÝnh tr¸ng b¹c h×nh parabol. Lo¹i nµy th−êng ®−îc sö dông ®Ó chiÕu s¸ng c¸c diÖn
tÝch x©y dùng vµ kho b·i lín.
· §Ìn pha ®Ó chiÕu s¸ng mÆt ®øng.
-Khi cÇn t¹o ra ®é räi víi quang th«ng ph©n bè ®Òu trªn diÖn tÝch lín, ®Ìn pha ph¶i ®Æt trªn
c¸c trô cao. Trªn mçi trô cã thÓ ®Æt 1 ®Ìn hoÆc côm nhiÒu ®Ìn. Còng cã thÓ lîi dông c«ng
tr×nh cao s½n cã ®Ó ®Æt ®Ìn nh− giµn gi¸o, trô th¸p cÇn trôc,...
-§Ó chiÕu s¸ng c¸c diÖn tÝch lín trªn 1ha, theo kinh nghiÖm ng−êi ta ghÐp côm ®Ìn pha khi
møc tiªu chuÈn chiÕu s¸ng cao vµ trong nh÷ng tr−êng hîp theo ®iÒu kiÖn thi c«ng bè trÝ nhiÒu
trô ®Ìn ®−îc, lóc nµy kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c trô ®Ìn cho phÐp tíi 400-500m.
-TÝnh to¸n chiÕu s¸ng b»ng ®Ìn pha cÇn chó ý ®Õn ®Æc ®iÓm riªng lµ thiÕt bÞ chiÕu ®Æt
nghiªng. Sù ph©n bè ¸nh s¸ng cña nã tËp trung cÇn tÝnh to¸n chÝnh x¸c c¸c gãc nghiªng è cña
®Ìn trong mÆt ph¼ng ®øng vµ gãc quay ô trong mÆt ph¼ng ngan
hoÆc
hmin ≥ 0.058 I max
(2.7)
Trong ®ã:
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