CH¦¥NG vii: Kü thuËt phßng ch¸y vµ ch÷a ch¸y
1. KH¸I LIÖM VÒ CH¸Y Næ
I.B¶n chÊt cña sù ch¸y:
-Sù ch¸y lµ qu¸ tr×nh lý ho¸ phøc t¹p mµ c¬ së cña nã lµ ph¶n øng «xy ho¸ x¶y ra 1 c¸ch
nhanh chãng cã kÌm theo sù to¶ nhiÖt vµ ph¸t ra tia s¸ng.
-Trong ®iÒu kiÖn b×nh th−êng, sù ch¸y xuÊt hiÖn vµ tiÕp diÔn trong tæ hîp gåm cã chÊt ch¸y,
kh«ng khÝ vµ nguån g©y löa. Trong ®ã chÊt ch¸y vµ kh«ng khÝ tiÕp xóc víi nã t¹o thµnh hÖ
thèng ch¸y, cßn nguån g©y löa lµ xung l−îng g©y ra trong hÖ thèng ph¶n øng ch¸y. HÖ thèng
chØ cã thÓ ch¸y ®−îc víi 1 tû lÖ nhÊt ®Þnh gi÷a chÊt ch¸y vµ kh«ng khÝ.
-Qu¸ tr×nh ho¸ häc cña sù ch¸y cã kÌm theo qu¸ tr×nh biÕn ®æi lý häc nh− chÊt r¾n ch¸y
thµnh chÊt láng, chÊt láng ch¸y bÞ bay h¬i.
1.DiÔn biÕn qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y:
-Qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y cña vËt r¾n, lámg, khÝ ®Òu gåm cã nh÷ng giai ®o¹n sau:
· ¤xy ho¸.
· Tù bèc ch¸y.
· Ch¸y.
-Qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y cña vËt r¾n, chÊt láng vµ khÝ cã thÓ tãm t¾t trong s¬ ®å biÓu diÔn sau:
- 79 -
-3 -5
®é cao. Do ®ã sinh ra ¸p lùc rÊt lín ®èi víi m«i tr−êng xung quanh dÉn ®Õn hiÖn t−îng næ.
-Sù thay ®æi nhiÖt ®é cña vËt chÊt ch¸y trong qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y diÔn biÕn nh− ë ®å thÞ:
- 80 -
· Cßn qu¸ tr×nh tù bèc ch¸y x¶y ra trªn toµn thÓ tÝch cña nã.
-Ta cã s¬ ®å biÓu diÔn qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t sinh ch¸y:
- 81 -
-Nhê lý thuyÕt tù bèc ch¸y chuçi mµ cã thÓ gi¶i thÝch ®−îc hiÖn t−îng nhiÒu ®¸m ch¸y lóc
ban ®Çu cßn rÊt nhá nh−ng khi ph¸t triÓn th× tèc ®é lan truyÒn rÊt m¹nh. §ã lµ v× nhiÖt ®é
cµng cao, m¹ch ph¶n øng sinh ra cµng nhiÒu vµ sè l−îng t©m ho¹t ®éng t¨ng lªn gÊp béi.
3.Sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a hai lý thuyÕt:
-Sù kh¸c nhau c¬ b¶n gi÷a 2 lý thuyÕt tù bèc ch¸y nhiÖt vµ lý thuyÕt tù bèc ch¸y chuçi lµ ë
chç:
· ë lý thuyÕt tù bèc ch¸y nhiÖt:
Nguyªn nh©n t¨ng ph¶n øng «xy ho¸ lµ do tèc ®é ph¸t nhiÖt t¨ng nhanh h¬n so
víi tèc ®é truyÒn nhiÖt.
Dùa vµo sù tÝch luü nhiÖt cña ph¶n øng ®Ó gi¶i thÝch qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y.
· ë lý thuyÕt tù bèc ch¸y chuçi:
Nguyªn nh©n t¨ng ph¶n øng «xy ho¸ lµ do tèc ®é ph©n nh¸nh chuçi t¨ng nhanh
h¬n so víi tèc ®é chuçi ®øt.
Dùa vµo sù tÝch luü t©m ho¹t ®éng ®Ó gi¶i thÝch qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y.
III.§iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ch¸y vµ nguån g©y löa:
1.§iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ch¸y:
-Trong ®iÒu kiÖn th«ng th−êng, sù ch¸y lµ qu¸ tr×nh gi÷a «xy cña kh«ng khÝ vµ chÊt ch¸y.
Nh−ng sù ch¸y cã thÓ x¶y ra khi kh«ng cã «xy trong kh«ng khÝ nh− C2H2 nÐn, Clorua, N2,...
nÕu cã nguån nhiÖt hoÆc H2. NhiÒu kim lo¹i cã thÓ ch¸y trong Cl2, Cu ch¸y trong h¬i S, Mg
ch¸y trong khÝ than,... TÊt c¶ c¸c tr−êng hîp trªn ®Òu thuéc ph¶n øng «xy ho¸.
-Sù ch¸y cña chÊt ch¸y vµ kh«ng khÝ chØ cã thÓ b¾t ®Çu khi chóng ®¹t ®−îc 1 nhiÖt ®é tèi
thiÓu nµo ®ã. Trong ®iÒu kiÖn ¸p suÊt khÝ quyÓn, tèc ®é ch¸y cña ngän löa cµng cao th× «xy
cµng nguyªn chÊt, tèc ®é ch¸y cµng gi¶m th× l−îng «xy trong kh«ng khÝ cµng gi¶m. Khi
l−îng «xy kh«ng khÝ gi¶m ®Õn 14% th× sù ch¸y ngõng l¹i.
⇒Tãm l¹i, ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ch¸y lµ:
· Cã chÊt ch¸y.
· Cã «xy.
· Cã nhiÖt ®é cÇn thiÕt.
2.Ch¸y hoµn toµn vµ ch¸y kh«ng hoµn toµn:
-Tuú theo l−îng «xy ®−a vµo ®Ó ®ãt ch¸y vËt chÊt mµ chia ra ch¸y hoµn toµn vµ ch¸y kh«ng
hoµn toµn.
a/Ch¸y kh«ng hoµn toµn:
-Khi kh«ng ®ñ kh«ng khÝ th× qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y sÏ x¶y ra kh«ng hoµn toµn. Trong s¶n phÈm ch¸y
kh«ng hoµn toµn th−êng chøa nhiÒu h¬i khÝ ch¸y, næ vµ ®éc nh− CO, må hãng, cån, andehit,
acid,... C¸c s¶n phÈm nµy vÉn cßn kh¶ n¨ng ch¸y n÷a.
b/Ch¸y hoµn toµn:
-Khi cã thõa «xy th× qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y x¶y ra hoµn toµn. S¶n phÈm cña qu¸ tr×nh ch¸y hoµn toµn
lµ CO2, h¬i n−íc, N2,... Khi ch¸y hoµn toµn ë trong khãi còng cã c¸c chÊt nh− trong s¶n phÈm
ch¸y kh«ng hoµn toµn nh−ng víi sè l−îng Ýt h¬n; th−êng chóng t¹o ra ë phÝa tr−íc tuyÕn
truyÒn lan cña sù ch¸y, ë ®Êy sÏ x¶y ra sù ph©n tÝch vËt chÊt bÞ ®èt nãng nh−ng nhiÖt ®é
kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó ph¸t sinh ch¸y c¸c s¶n phÈm bÞ ph©n tÝch t¹o ra.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
- 82 -
3.Nguån b¾t löa (måi b¾t löa):
-Lµ bÊt kú vËt nµo cã nhiÖt ®é vµ nhiÖt l−îng dù tr÷ ®ñ ®Ó ®èt nãng 1 thÓ tÝch nµo ®ã cña hÖ
thèng ch¸y cho ®Õn khi xuÊt hiÖn sù ch¸y trong hÖ thèng.
-Nguån g©y löa cã thÓ lµ c¸c nguån nhiÖt hoÆc xuÊt hiÖn d−íi h×nh thøc n¨ng l−îng nµo ®ã:
ho¸ n¨ng (ph¶n øng to¶ nhiÖt), c¬ n¨ng (va ®Ëp, nÐn, ma s¸t), ®iÖn n¨ng (sù phãng ®iÖn):
· Khi måi b¸t löa lµ ngän löa trÇn, tia löa ®iÖn, hå quang ®iÖn, tia löa sinh ra do ma s¸t,
va ®Ëp, hay h¹t than ch¸y dë,... th× gäi ®ã lµ nh÷ng måi löa ph¸t quang.
· Cã nh÷ng lo¹i måi b¾t löa kh«ng ph¸t quang gäi lµ måi löa Èn. Chóng lµ nh÷ng nhiÖt
l−îng sinh ra khi nÐn ®o¹n nhiÖt, khi ma s¸t, khi tiÕn hµnh c¸c ph¶n øng ho¸ häc,...
IV.Sù lan truyÒn cña ®¸m ch¸y:
-Ng−êi ta ph©n ra 2 h×nh thøc truyÒn lan cña ®¸m ch¸y lµ tuyÕn tÝnh vµ thÓ tÝch.
1.TruyÒn lan tuyÕn tÝnh:
-TruyÒn lan tuyÕn tÝnh cña ®¸m ch¸y lµ truyÒn lan cña ngän löa theo bÒ mÆt cña chÊt ch¸y vÒ
h−íng nµo ®ã vµ mÆt ph¼ng nµo ®ã cã liªn quan tíi sù thay ®æi diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt ch¸y, gäi lµ
diÖn tÝch ®¸m ch¸y.
-Gi¶i thÝch sù lan truyÒn cña ngän löa theo bÒ mÆt vËt chÊt ch¸y: sù ch¸y ph¸t sinh ra ë 1 chç
sÏ to¶ nhiÖt. NhiÖt l−îng nµy sÏ truyÒn lªn bÒ mÆt cña chÊt ch¸y trùc tiÕp tiÕp xóc víi ®èm
ch¸y hoÆc ë c¸ch ®èm ch¸y 1 kho¶ng c¸ch nµo ®ã. Khi bÞ ®èt nãng ®Õn nhiÖt ®é tù bèc ch¸y,
nh÷ng bÒ mÆt ®ã sÏ ch¸y vµ ®èm ch¸y míi xuÊt hiÖn l¹i truyÒn lan ra n¬i kh¸c.
-Nh÷ng th«ng sè chÝnh cña ®¸m ch¸y khi lan truyÒn tuyÕn tÝnh lµ tèc ®é tuyÕn tÝnh vµ diÖn
tÝch qua nã:
· Tèc ®é tuyÕn tÝnh trung b×nh V1 cña ngän löa truyÒn lan cã thÓ biÓu hiÖn b»ng c«ng
thøc:
V1 =
l 2 − l1
ô 2 − ô 1
=
∆l
∆t
(m/phót) (7.1)
Trong ®ã:
+l2: kho¶ng c¸ch tõ ®èm ch¸y trong thêi ®iÓm ô2 (m).
+l1: kho¶ng c¸ch tõ ®èm ch¸y trong thêi ®iÓm ô1 (m).
· Tèc ®é trung b×nh cña diÖn tÝch ®¸m ch¸y sÏ lµ:
VF =
F2 − F1
ô 2 − ô 1
=
∆F
∆t
(m2/phót) (7.2)
- 83 -
còng nh− ph−¬ng ngang cã thÓ ®¹t tíi 30m/phót vµ nhanh h¬n. Tèc ®é lan cña ngän löa theo
c¸c vËt ®· ®−îc nung nãng vùot rÊt nhiÒu tèc ®é tuyÕn tÝnh.
-Sù ch¸y lan kh«ng gian cña ®¸m ch¸y lµ 1 hiÖn t−îng rÊt phøc t¹p. Muèn h¹n chÕ ch¸y lan
gi÷a c¸c nhµ ph¶i thiÕt kÕ vµ x©y dùng c¸c ch−íng ng¹i chèng ch¸y, quy ®Þnh kho¶ng c¸ch
chèng ch¸y, cã c¸c gi¶i ph¸p quy ho¹ch thiÕt kÕ kÕt cÊu nhµ cöa ®óng ®¾n, còng nh− huy
®éng kÞp thêi c¸c l−u l−îng vµ c¸c thiÕt bÞ ch÷a ch¸y.
§2 nguyªn nh©n g©y ra ch¸y vµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p phßng ngõa
I.Nguyªn nh©n g©y ra sù ch¸y:
-C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn mµ khi ®ã kh¶ n¨ng ph¸t sinh ra ch¸y bÞ lo¹i trõ ®−îc gäi lµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn an
toµn phßng ch¸y, tøc lµ:
· ThiÕu 1 trong nh÷ng thµnh phÇn cÇn thiÕt cho sù ph¸t sinh ra ch¸y.
· Tû lÖ cña chÊt ch¸y vµ «xy ®Ó t¹o ra hÖ thèng ch¸y kh«ng ®ñ.
· Nguån nhiÖt kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó bèc ch¸y m«i tr−êng ch¸y.
· Thêi gian t¸c dông cña nguån nhiÖt kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó bèc ch¸y hÖ thèng ch¸y.
-Do sù vi ph¹m c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn an toµn sÏ ph¸t sinh ra nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n g©y ra ch¸y. Tuy
nhiªn nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n g©y ra ch¸y cã rÊt nhiÒu vµ còng kh¸c nhau. Nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n
®ã còng thay ®æi liªn quan ®Õn sù thay ®æi c¸c qu¸ tr×nh kü thuËt trong s¶n xuÊt vµ viÖc sö
dông c¸c thiÕt bÞ, nguyªn vËt liÖu, c¸c hÖ thèng chiÕu s¸ng ®èt nãng,...
-Cã thÓ ph©n ra nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n chÝnh sau ®©y:
· L¾p r¸p kh«ng ®óng, h− háng, sö dông qu¸ t¶i c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn g©y ra sù cè trong
m¹ng ®iÖn, thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn,...
· Sù h− háng c¸c thiÐt bÞ cã tÝnh chÊt c¬ khÝ vµ sù vi ph¹m qu¸ tr×nh kü thuËt, vi ph¹m
®iÒu lÖ phßng ho¶ trong qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt.
· Kh«ng thËn träng vµ coi th−êng khi dïng löa, kh«ng thËn träng khi hµn,...
· Bèc ch¸y vµ tù bèc ch¸y cña 1 sè vËt liÖu khi dù tr÷, b¶o qu¶n kh«ng ®óng (do kÕt qu¶
cña t¸c dông ho¸ häc...).
· Do bÞ sÐt ®¸nh khi kh«ng cã cét thu l«i hoÆc thu l«i bÞ háng.
· C¸c nguyªn nh©n kh¸c nh−: theo dâi kü thuËt trong qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ;
kh«ng tr«ng nom c¸c tr¹m ph¸t ®iÖn, m¸y kÐo, c¸c ®éng c¬ ch¹y x¨ng vµ c¸c m¸y
mãc kh¸c; tµng tr÷ b¶o qu¶n nhiªn liÖu kh«ng ®óng.
⇒Tãm l¹i trªn c¸c c«ng tr−êng, trong sinh ho¹t, trong c¸c nhµ c«ng céng, trong s¶n xuÊt cã
thÓ cã nhiÒu nguyªn nh©n g©y ra ch¸y. Phßng ngõa ch¸y lµ cã liªn quan nhiÒu tíi viÖc tu©n
theo c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn an toµn khi thiÕt kÕ, x©y dùng vµ sö dông c¸c c«ng tr×nh nhµ cöa trªn c«ng
c«ng tr−êng vµ trong s¶n xuÊt.
II.TÝnh chÞu ch¸y vµ bèc ch¸y cña cÊu kiÖn x©y dùng:
1.C¸c kÕt cÊu x©y dùng vµ sù b¶o vÖ phßng chèng ch¸y:
-ThiÕt kÕ ®óng ®¾n c¸c kÕt cÊu x©y dùng cã ý nghÜa quan träng hµng ®Çu ®Ó ®¶m b¶o an toµn
phßng chèng ch¸y vµ lµm gi¶m thiÖt h¹i do ch¸y g©y ra. Bëi v× th«ng th−êng:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
- 85 -
· C¸c kÕt cÊu x©y dùng ®¹t tíi giíi h¹n chÞu ch¸y tøc lµ khi chóng mÊt kh¶ n¨ng chÞu
lùc hoÆc che chë khi ch¸y x¶y ra hoÆc chóng bÞ ®èt nãng ®Õn nhiÖt ®é x¸c ®Þnh gäi lµ
nhiÖt ®é tíi h¹n tth.
Gäi giíi h¹n chÞu ch¸y cña c¸c kÕt cÊu thiÕt kÕ hoÆc ®ang sö dông lµ giíi h¹n
chÞu ch¸y thùc tÕ, ký hiÖu Ptt.
Giíi h¹n chÞu ch¸y cña c¸c kÕt cÊu x©y dùng yªu cÇu bëi quy ph¹m hoÆc x¸c
®Þnh bëi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn an toµn lµ giíi h¹n chÞu ch¸y yªu cÇu, ký hiÖu Pyc.
→§iÒu kiÖn an toµn ®−îc tháa m·n nÕu tu©n theo ®iÒu kiÖn sau ®©y: Ptt≥Pyc
4.TÝnh chÞu ch¸y cña ng«i nhµ:
-Ng«i nhµ ®−îc cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c bé phËn kÕt cÊu kh¸c nhau, chóng cã tÝnh chÞu ch¸y vµ thuéc
c¸c nhãm vËt liÖu bèc ch¸y kh¸c nhau. Kh¶ n¨ng cña toµn bé ng«i nhµ chèng l¹i sù ph¸ huû
trong c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ch¸y ®Æc tr−ng bëi giíi h¹n chÞu ch¸y vµ nhãm vËt liÖu bèc ch¸y cña c¸c
bé phËn kÕt cÊu ®−îc gäi lµ møc ®é chÞu ch¸y.
-Ng−êi ta ph©n ra møc ®é chÞu ch¸y thùc tÕ vµ møc ®é chÞu ch¸y yªu cÇu cña ng«i nhµ:
· Møc ®é chÞu ch¸y thùc tÕ cña ng«i nhµ x¸c ®Þnh theo giíi h¹n chÞu ch¸y thùc tÕ nhá
nhÊt vµ nhãm vËt liÖu bèc ch¸y cña 1 trong nh÷ng bé phËn kÕt cÊu. Møc ®é chÞu ch¸y
thùc tÕ cña c¸c ng«i nhµ ®−îc quy ®Þnh phô thuéc vµo chøc n¨ng vµ tÝnh ch¸y nguy
hiÓm cña c¸c qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt bè trÝ ë trong. Theo møc ®é chÞu ch¸y, c¸c ng«i nhµ
®−îc chia lµm 5 cÊp: I. II. III. IV. V.
· Møc ®é chÞu ch¸y yªu cÇu cña ng«i nhµ lµ møc ®é chÞu ch¸y tèi thiÓu mµ ng«i nhµ cÇn
ph¶i ®¹t ®−îc ®Ó tho¶ m·n c¸c yªu cÇu an toµn nhÊt ®Þnh. Møc ®é chÞu ch¸y yªu cÇu
cña ng«i nhµ ®−îc quy ®Þnh phô thuéc vµo tÝnh ch¸y nguy hiÓm cña c¸c qu¸ tr×nh s¶n
xuÊt bè trÝ ë trong, chøc n¨ng cña ng«i nhµ, diÖn tÝch, sè tÇng vµ sù hiÖn cã cña c¸c
thiÕt bÞ ch÷a ch¸y tù ®éng.
-Víi møc ®é chÞu ch¸y thøc tÕ cña ng«i nhµ ký hiÖu Ott vµ møc ®é chÞu ch¸y yªu cÇu ký hiÖu
Oyc th× ®iÒu kiÖn an toµn sÏ ®−îc tho¶ m·n nÕu tu©n theo ®iÒu kiÖn sau ®©y:
- 86 -
-Khi thiÕt kÕ qu¸ tr×nh thao t¸c kü thuËt ph¶i thÊy hÕt kh¶ n¨ng g©y ra ch¸y nh− ph¶n øng ho¸
häc, søc nãng tia mÆt trêi, ma s¸t, va ch¹m, sÐt hay ngän löa,...®Ó cã biÖn ph¸p an toµn thÝch
®¸ng; ®Æt d©y ®iÖn ph¶i ®óng theo quy t¾c an toµn.
b/BiÖn ph¸p tæ chøc:
-Phæ biÕn cho c«ng nh©n c¸n bé ®iÒu lÖ an toµn phßng ho¶, tæ chøc thuyÕt tr×nh nãi chuyÖn,
chiÕu phim vÒ an toµn phßng ho¶.
-Treo cæ ®éng c¸c khÈu hiÖu, tranh vÏ vµ dÊu hiÖu ®Ó phßng tai n¹n do ho¶ ho¹n g©y ra.
-Nghiªn cøu s¬ ®å tho¸t ng−êi vµ ®å ®¹c khi cã ch¸y.
-Tæ chøc ®éi cøu ho¶.
c/BiÖn ph¸p sö dông vµ qu¶n lý:
-Sö dông ®óng ®¾n m¸y mãc, ®éng c¬ ®iÖn, nhiªn liÖu, hÖ thèng vËn chuyÓn.
-Gi÷ g×n nhµ cöa, c«ng tr×nh trªn quan ®iÓm an toµn phßng ho¶.
-Thùc hiÖn nghiªm chØnh biÖn ph¸p vÒ chÕ ®é cÊm hót thuèc l¸, ®¸nh diªm, dïng löa ë nh÷ng
n¬i cÊm löa hoÆc gÇn nh÷ng vËt liÖu dÔ ch¸y.
-CÊm hµn ®iÖn, hµn h¬i ë nh÷ng n¬i phßng cÊm löa...
2.H¹n chÕ sù ch¸y ph¸t triÓn:
a/Quy ho¹ch ph©n vïng x©y dùng 1 c¸ch ®óng ®¾n:
-Bè trÝ vµ ph©n nhãm nhµ trong khu c«ng nghiÖp, c«ng tr−êng tu©n theo kho¶ng c¸ch chèng
ch¸y. Kho¶ng c¸ch chèng ch¸y ë gi÷a c¸c nhµ vµ c«ng tr×nh c«ng nghiÖp, n«ng nghiÖp, kho
chøa, gi÷a c¸c nhµ ë vµ c«ng céng,... ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh trong quy ph¹m phßng ch¸y. §ã lµ
nh÷ng kho¶ng c¸ch tèi thiÓu ®Ó ®¶m b¶o cho c«ng tr×nh bªn c¹nh khái bÞ ch¸y lan, do c−êng
®é bøc x¹ nhiÖt khÝ ch¸y trong 1 thêi gian nhÊt ®Þnh ®ñ ®Ó ®−a lùc l−îng vµ c«ng cô ch÷a
ch¸y ®Õn.
-§èi víi nhµ cöa, kho tµng nguy hiÓm dÔ sinh ra ch¸y nh− kho nhiªn liÖu, thuèc næ,... ph¶i bè
trÝ cuèi h−íng giã,...
b/Dïng vËt liÖu kh«ng ch¸y hoÆc khã ch¸y:
-Khi bè trÝ thiÕt bÞ kho tµng, nhµ cöa, l¸ng tr¹i, xÝ nghiÖp,... ph¶i c¨n cø vµo ®Æc ®iÓm cña qu¸
tr×nh thao t¸c vµ sù nguy hiÓm do ho¶ ho¹n g©y ra ®Ó chän vËt liÖu cã ®é chÞu ch¸y vµ h×nh
thøc kÕt cÊu thÝch hîp.
c/Bè trÝ ch−íng ng¹i vËt phßng ch¸y:
-Bè trÝ t−êng phßng ch¸y, ®µi phßng ch¸y, bÓ chøa n−íc ,... hoÆc trång c©y xanh.
3.C¸c biÖn ph¸p chuÈn bÞ cho ®éi cøu ho¶:
-§Ó t¹o cho ®éi cøu ho¶ ch÷a ch¸y ®−îc nhanh chãng vµ kÞp thêi cÇn ph¶i chuÈn bÞ 1 sè c«ng
viÖc sau ®©y:
· Lµm ®−êng ®Æc biÖt cã ®ñ ®é réng thuËn tiÖn cho «t« cøu ho¶ ®i l¹i dÔ dµng.
· Lµm ®−êng tíi nh÷ng n¬i khã ®Õn, ®−êng tíi nguån n−íc,...
· B¶o ®¶m tÝn hiÖu b¸o tin ch¸y vµ hÖ thèng liªn l¹c. HÖ th«ng liªn l¹c cã thÓ dïng m¸y
th«ng tin liªn l¹c ®iÖn tho¹i, tÝn hiÖu b¸o tin ch¸y cã thÓ dïng tÝn hiÖu b¸o ch¸y b»ng
®iÖn hoÆc ph¸t hiÖn tÝn hiÖu ©m thanh vµ ¸nh s¸ng.
§3 nguyªn nh©n g©y ra ch¸y vµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p phßng ngõa![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
- 87 -
I.C¸c chÊt dËp t¾t löa:
-C¸c chÊt ch÷a ch¸y lµ c¸c chÊt khi ®−a vµo chç ch¸y sÏ lµm ®×nh chØ sù ch¸y do lµm mÊt c¸c
®iÒu kiÖn cÇn cho sù ch¸y.
-Yªu cÇu c¸c chÊt ch÷a ch¸y ph¶i cã tû nhiÖt cao, kh«ng cã h¹i cho søc khoÎ vµ c¸c vËt cÇn
ch÷a ch¸y, rÏ tiÒn, dÔ kiÕm vµ dÔ sö dông.
-Khi lùa chän c¸c chÊt ch÷a ch¸y ph¶i c¨n cø vµo hiÖu qu¶ dËp t¾t cña chóng, sù hîp lý vÒ
mÆt kinh tÕ vµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ch÷a ch¸y.
1.Ch÷a ch¸y b»ng n−íc:
-N−íc cã tû nhiÖt rÊt cao, khi bèc h¬i n−íc cã thÓ tÝch lín gÊp 1700 lÇn thÓ tÝch ban ®Çu.
N−íc rÊt dÔ lÊy, dÔ ®iÒu khiÓn vµ cã nhiÒu nguån n−íc.
a/§Æc ®iÓm ch÷a ch¸y b»ng n−íc:
-Cã thÓ dïng n−íc ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y cho c¸c phÇn lín c¸c chÊt ch¸y: chÊt r¾n hay chÊt láng cã tû
träng lín h¬n 1 hoÆc chÊt láng dÔ hoµ tan víi n−íc.
-Khi t−íi n−íc vµo chç ch¸y, n−íc sÏ bao phñ bÒ mÆt ch¸y hÊp thô nhiÖt, h¹ thÊp nhiÖt ®é
chÊt ch¸y ®Õn møc kh«ng ch¸y ®−îc n÷a. N−íc bÞ nãng sÏ bèc h¬i lµm gi¶m l−îng khÝ vµ h¬i
ch¸y trong vïng ch¸y, lµm lo·ng «xy trong kh«ng khÝ, lµm c¸ch ly kh«ng khÝ víi chÊt ch¸y,
h¹n chÕ qu¸ tr×nh «xy ho¸, do ®ã lµm ®×nh chØ sù ch¸y.
-CÇn chó ý r»ng:
· Khi nhiÖt ®é ®¸m ch¸y ®· cao qu¸ 1700oC th× kh«ng ®−îc dïng n−íc ®Ó dËp t¾t.
· Kh«ng dïng n−íc ch÷a ch¸y c¸c chÊt láng dÔ ch¸y mµ kh«ng hoµ tan víi n−íc nh−
x¨ng, dÇu ho¶,....
b/Nh−îc ®iÓm ch÷a ch¸y b»ng n−íc:
-N−íc lµ chÊt dÉn ®iÖn nªn ch÷a ch¸y ë c¸c nhµ, c«ng tr×nh cã ®iÖn rÊt nguy hiÓm, kh«ng
dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn.
-N−íc t¸c dông víi K, Na, CaC2 sÏ t¹o ra søc nãng lín vµ ph©n ho¸ khi ch¸y nªn cã thÓ lµm
cho ®¸m ch¸y lan réng thªm.
-N−íc t¸c dông víi acid H2SO4 ®Ëm ®Æc sinh ra næ.
-Khi ch÷a ch¸y b»ng n−íc cã thÓ lµm h− háng vËt cÇn ch÷a ch¸y nh− th− viÖn, nhµ b¶o
tµng,...
2.Ch÷a ch¸y b»ng bät:
-Bät ch÷a ch¸y lµ c¸c lo¹i bät ho¸ häc hay bät kh«ng khÝ, cã tû träng tõ 0.1-0.26 chÞu ®−îc
søc nãng. T¸c dông chñ yÕu cña bät ch÷a ch¸y lµ c¸ch ly hæn hîp ch¸y víi vïng ch¸y, ngoµi
ra cã t¸c dông lµm l¹nh.
-Bät lµ 1 hçn hîp gåm cã khÝ vµ chÊt láng. Bät khÝ t¹o ra ë chÊt láng do kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c qu¸
tr×nh ho¸ häc hoÆc hçn hîp c¬ häc cña kh«ng khÝ víi chÊt láng. Bät rÊt bÒn víi nhiÖt nªn chØ
cÇn 1 líp máng tõ 7-10cm lµ cã thÓ dËp t¾t ngay ®¸m ch¸y.
a/Bät ho¸ häc:
-Th−êng ®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ chÊt bät gåm tõ c¸c lo¹i muèi kh«: Al2(SO4)3, Na2CO3 vµ c¸c chÊt
chiÕt cña gèc thùc vËt hoÆc chÊt t¹o bät kh¸c vµ n−íc.
-Bät ho¸ häc dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y dÇu má vµ c¸c s¶n phÈm dÇu, c¸c ho¸ chÊt chÊt rÊt tèt.
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng bät ho¸ häc ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y:
· Nh÷ng n¬i cã ®iÖn v× bät dÉn ®iÖn cã thÓ bÞ ®iÖn giËt.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
- 88 -
· C¸c khi lo¹i K, Na v× nã t¸c dông víi n−íc trong bät lµm tho¸t khÝ H2.
· C¸c ®iÖn tö nãng ch¶y.
· Cån vµ acªt«n v× c¸c chÊt nµy hót n−íc m¹nh vµ khi ch¸y to¶ ra 1 nhiÖt l−îng lín, khi
bét r¬i vµo sÏ bÞ ph¸ huû.
b/Bät kh«ng khÝ:
-Lµ 1 hçn hîp c¬ häc kh«ng khÝ, n−íc vµ chÊt t¹o bät, ®−îc chÕ t¹o thµnh c¸c chÊt láng mµu
n©u sÉm.
-Bät kh«ng khÝ c¬ häc dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y dÇu má vµ c¸c s¶n phÈm dÇu, c¸c chÊt r¾n còng
nh− c¸c thiÕt bÞ v× nã Ýt dÉn ®iÖn so víi bät ho¸ häc. Lo¹i bät nµy kh«ng cã tÝnh ¨n mßn ho¸
häc cho nªn cã vµo da còng kh«ng nguy hiÓm.
3.Ch÷a ch¸y b»ng c¸c chÊt khÝ tr¬:
-C¸c lo¹i khÝ tr¬ dïng vµo viÖc ch÷a ch¸y lµ N2, CO2 vµ h¬i n−íc. C¸c chÊt ch÷a ch¸y nµy
dïng ®Î ch÷a ch¸y dung tÝch v× khi hoµ vµo c¸c h¬i khÝ ch¸y chóng sÏ lµm gi¶m nång ®é «xy
trong kh«ng khÝ, lÊy ®i 1 l−îng nhiÖt lín vµ dËp t¾t phÇn lín c¸c chÊt ch¸y r¾n vµ láng (t¸c
dông pha lo·ng nång ®é vµ gi¶m nhiÖt).
-Do ®ã cã thÓ dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y ë c¸c kho tµng, hÇm ngÇm nhµ kÝn, dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y ®iÖn
rÊt tèt. Ngoµi ra dïng ®Ó ch÷a c¸c ®èm ch¸y nhá ë ngoµi trêi nh− dïng khÝ CO2 ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y
c¸c ®éng c¬ ®èt trong, c¸c cuén d©y ®éng c¬ ®iÖn, ®¸m ch¸y dÇu loang nhá.
-Nã cã −u ®iÓm kh«ng lµm h− háng c¸c vËt cÇn ch÷a ch¸y. Tuy nhiªn kh«ng ®−îc dïng trong
tr−êng hîp nã cã thÓ kÕt hîp víi c¸c chÊt ch¸y ®Ó t¹o ra hæn hîp næ, kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng ch÷a
®−îc c¸c chÊt Na, K, Mg ch¸y.
→Ngoµi nh÷ng chÊt trªn, ng−êi ta cßn dïng c¸t, ®Êt, bao t¶i, cãi,... ®Ó dËp t¾t nh÷ng ®¸m
ch¸y nhá. §èi víi ®¸m ch¸y lín dïng nh÷ng chÊt nµy kh«ng hiÖu qu¶.
II.BiÖn ph¸p dïng n−íc ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y:
1.Nguån cÊp n−íc ch÷a ch¸y:
-Theo quy ®Þnh phßng ch¸y thØ ë hiÖn tr−êng x©y dùng ph¶i cã m¹ng l−íi cÊp n−íc phßng
ch÷a ch¸y cho c¸c c«ng t¸c thi c«ng chÝnh. M¹ng l−íi cÊp n−íc ch÷a ch¸y ®−îc x©y dùng
phï hîp theo thiÕt kÕ sao cho nã cã thÓ nèi liÒn víi ®−êng èng dÉn n−íc vµ ®−îc gi÷ l¹i ®Ó
cÊp n−íc sau nµy khi sö dông khai th¸c c«ng tr×nh.
-NÕu hiÖn tr−êng thi c«ng c¸ch nguån n−íc tù nhiªn (s«ng, ao hå, hå chøa n−íc nh©n t¹o)
kh«ng xa h¬n 200m th× viÖc cÊp n−íc cøu ho¶ cã thÓ tæ chøc lÊy tõ c¸c nguån n−íc ®ã. Lóc
nµy cÇn ph¶i thiÕt lËp bÕn b·i lÊy n−íc hoÆc nh÷ng giÕng lÊy n−íc ®Ó t¹o thµnh hÖ th«ng cÊp
n−íc phßng ch÷a ch¸y cho c«ng tr×nh.
-ë hiÖn tr−êng x©y dùng mµ vÞ trÝ cña nã c¸ch nguån n−íc tù nhiªn xa h¬n th× ng−êi ta thiÕt
lËp ®−êng èng dÉn n−íc cã vßi ch÷a ch¸y hoÆc van ch÷a ch¸y. Nh÷ng vßi ch÷a ch¸y ®−îc bè
trÝ trªn m¹ng dÉn n−íc ë kho¶ng c¸ch kh«ng lín h¬n 2m tõ ®−êng ®i l¹i vµ ph¶i ®¶m b¶o
®−êng nh¸nh cã bÒ réng kh«ng nhá h¬n 2.5m
-Nguån cÊp n−íc cho viÖc bè trÝ m¹ng ®−êng èng dÉn n−íc hoÆc bÕn b·i lÊy n−íc cÇn ph¶i
®¶m b¶o l−u l−îng n−íc theo môc ®Ých dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y cho c¸c c«ng t¸c thi c«ng trªn hiÖn
tr−êng.
2.§Þnh møc n−íc vµ thêi gian kÐo dµi ®Ó dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
- 89 -
-§Þnh møc l−îng n−íc ®Ó dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y khi x©y dùng c¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt, nhµ sinh ho¹t, nhµ
lµm viÖc phô thuéc vµo:
· Møc ®é chÞu ch¸y c¸c ng«i nhµ.
· TÝnh dÔ ch¸y cña sù bè trÝ s¶n xuÊt, thi c«ng (h¹ng s¶n xuÊt theo tÝnh ch¸y nguy
hiÓm).
· Khèi tÝch x©y dùng cña c¸c ng«i nhµ vµ ®−îc quy ®Þnh trong b¶ng sau:
-Sè l−îng tÝnh to¸n c¸c ®¸m ch¸y ®ång thêi trong khu x©y dùng c«ng nghiÖp nªn lÊy:
· Mét ®¸m ch¸y khi diÖn tÝch khu vùc xÝ nghiÖp nhá h¬n 150ha.
· Hai ®¸m ch¸y khi diÖn tÝch 150ha vµ lín h¬n.
-Thêi gian kÐo dµi tÝnh to¸n ®Ó dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y (thêi gian ch÷a ch¸y tiªu chuÈn) trong khu
vùc d©n c− hoÆc trªn hiÖn tr−êng x©y dùng ng−êi ta lÊy 3h.
3.L−îng n−íc dù tr÷ ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y:
-L−îng n−íc dù tr÷ tuyÖt ®èi ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh phô thuéc vµo trÞ sè tÝnh to¸n c¸c
®¸m ch¸y ®ång thêi, l−u l−îng n−íc ®Ó dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y vµ thêi gian ch÷a ch¸y tiªu chuÈn,
tøc lµ:
Trong ®ã:
+Q: l−îng n−íc dù tr÷ ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y theo thêi gian ch÷a ch¸y tiªu chuÈn.
+q: ®Þnh møc l−u l−îng ®Ó dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y.
+ô: thêi gian kÐo dµi ch÷a ch¸y yªu cÇu.
§èi víi c¸c xÝ nghiÖp thuéc h¹ng s¶n xuÊt A, B, C vµ c¸c khu d©n c− th× thêi
h¹n lín nhÊt ®Ó lo¹i trõ ®¸m ch¸y kh«ng ®−îc lín h¬n 24h.
§èi víi c¸c xÝ nghiÖp c«ng nghiÖp thuéc h¹ng s¶n xuÊt D, E th× thêi h¹n nµy
kh«ng ®−îc lín h¬n 36h.
-NÕu l−u l−îng nguån cÊp n−íc kh«ng ®ñ ®¶m b¶o l−îng n−íc dù tr÷ ch÷a ch¸y trong thêi
h¹n yªu cÇu trªn th× thêi gian thùc hiÖn ch÷a ch¸y cho phÐp t¨ng theo tû lÖ cña sù t¨ng bæ
sung l−îng n−íc dù tr÷ ch÷a ch¸y tuyÖt ®èi. TrÞ sè thÓ tÝch t¨ng bæ sung cña l−îng n−íc dù
tr÷ nµy cã thÓ x¸c ®Þnh theo c«ng thøc:![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif)
Møc ®é
chÞu ch¸yH¹ng s¶n xuÊt
theo tÝnh chÊt
nguy hiÓm
Møc ®é
chÞu ch¸y
|
H¹ng s¶n xuÊt
theo tÝnh chÊt
nguy hiÓm
|
L−u l−îng n−íc (l/s) ®Ó dËp t¾t 1 ®¸m ch¸y theo khèi ng«i nhµ
3
(1000m )
|
≤3 |
>3 ®Õn
5
|
>5 ®Õn
20
|
>20 ®Õn
50
|
>50
®Õn
200
|
>200
®Õn
400
|
>400
|
I-II
|
D, E
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
I-II
|
A, B, C
|
10
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
III
|
D, E
|
10
|
10
|
15
|
25
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
III
|
C
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
30
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
IV-V
|
D, E
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
30
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
IV-V
|
C
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
∆Q = Q.
- 90 -
k − 1
k
(7.5)
Trong ®ã:
+∆Q: thÓ tÝch t¨ng bæ sung cña l−îng n−íc dù tr÷ ch÷a ch¸y.
+Q: thÓ tÝch cÇn thiÕt cöa l−îng n−íc dù tr÷ phßng ch÷a ch¸y theo thêi gian kÐo dµi
ch÷a ch¸y yªu cÇu.
+k: tû sè gi÷a thêi h¹n ch÷a ch¸y theo thùc tÕ cöa l−îng n−íc dù tr÷ phßng ch÷a
ch¸y vµ thêi h¹n ch÷a ch¸y giíi h¹n quy ®Þnh.
4.Ph−¬ng ph¸p t−íi n−íc vµo ®¸m ch¸y:
-T−íi n−íc vµo ®¸m ch¸y cã thÓ thù hiÖn b»ng c¸c vßi phôt m¹nh hoÆc phun víi c¸c tia nhá
d−íi h×nh thøc m−a:
· §Ó t¹o ra c¸c vßi phôt m¹nh cã thÓ dïng c¸c èng phôt (vßi rång) cÇm tay vµ èng phôt
cã gi¸. C¸c vßi n−íc phôt m¹nh cã ®Æc ®iÓm lµ diÖn tÝch t¸c dông nhá, tèc ®é lín, søc
phôt xa tËp trung mét khèi n−íc lín lªn 1 diÖn tÝch nhá.. Ngoµi t¸c dông lµm m¹nh,
vßi n−íc phôt m¹nh cßn cã t¸c dông ph©n tÝch vËt ch¸y ra nh÷ng phÇn nhá, t¸ch ngän
löa khái vËt ch¸y. Vßi n−íc phôt m¹nh nªn ¸p dông ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y c¸c vËt r¾n cã thÓ
tÝch lín, ch÷a c¸c ®¸m ch¸y ë trªn cao vµ xa kh«ng thÓ ®Õn gÇn ®−îc, nh÷ng chæ hiÓm
hãc, ®Ó lµm nguéi c¸c kÕt cÊu vµ thiÕt bÞ.
· §Ó t¹o ra c¸c tia n−íc phun m−a cã thÓ dïng èng phun m−a cÇm tay, èng phôt ®Ó t¹o
ra c¸c tia n−íc nhá d−íi ¸p suÊt lín ë c¸c ®Çu vßi phun, miÖng phun h×nh cÇu xo¾n,
c¸c lo¹i vßi nµy th−êng sö dông ë trong hÖ thèng ch÷a ch¸y tù ®éng. T−íi n−íc d−íi
h×nh thøc phun m−a cã −u ®iÓm lµm t¨ng bÒ mÆt t−íi vµ gi¶m l−îng n−íc tiªu thô.
Th−êng ¸p dông ch÷a ch¸y c¸c chÊt nh− than, v¶i, giÊy, phèt pho, c¸c chÊt chÊt rêi r¹c,
chÊt cã sîi, chÊt ch¸y láng vµ dÔ lµm nguéi bÒ mÆt kim lo¹i bÞ nung nãng.
III.C¸c dông cô ch÷a ch¸y:
-C¸c ®éi ch÷a ch¸y chuyªn nghiÖp ®−îc trang bÞ nh÷ng ph−¬ng tiÖn ch÷a ch¸y hiÖn ®¹i nh−:
xe ch÷a ch¸y, xe th«ng tin, xe thang,... vµ c¸c hÖ thèng b¸o ch¸y tù ®éng. ë xÝ nghiÖp, c«ng
tr−êng, kho tµng, ®−êng phè ng−êi ta trang bÞ cho c¸c ®éi ch÷a ch¸y c¸c lo¹i dông cô ch÷a
ch¸y nh−: gµu vÈy, b¬m, vßi rång, thang, c©u liªm, x« x¸ch n−íc, b×nh ch÷a ch¸y, bao t¶i,...
-HiÖn nay ë n−íc ta dïng rÊt nhiÒu lo¹i h×nh bät b×nh ch÷a ch¸y cña c¸c n−íc vµ cña ta chÕ
t¹o. Tuy kÕt cÊu cã kh¸c nhau, nh−ng nguyªn t¾c t¹o bät vµ c¸ch sö dông kh¸ gièng nhau.
D−íi ®©y sÏ nªu ra 3 lo¹i ®iÓn h×nh lµ:
1.B×nh ch÷a ch¸y bät ho¸ häc OÐ3:
-Vá b×nh lµm b»ng thÐp hµn chÞu ®−îc ¸p suÊt 20kg/cm2, cã dung tÝch 10 lÝt trong ®ã chøa
dung dÞch kiÒm Na2CO3víi chÊt t¹o bät chiÕt tõ gèc c©y.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
1. Th©n b×nh 2.B×nh chøa H2SO4 3.B×nh chøa Al2(SO4)3 4.Lß xo
5.L−íi h×nh trô 6.Vßi phun bät 7.Tay cÇm 8.Chèt ®Ëp 9.Dung dÞch kiÒm Na2CO3.
-Trong th©n b×nh cã 2 b×nh thuû tinh: 1 b×nh chøa ®ùng acid sulfuaric nång ®é 65.5 ®é, 1
b×nh chøa sulfat nh«m nång ®é 35 ®é. Mçi b×nh cã dung tÝch kho¶ng 0.45-1 lÝt. Trªn th©n
b×nh cã vßi phun ®Ó lµm cho bät phun ra ngoµi. Khi ch÷a ch¸y ®em b×nh ®Õn gÇn ®¸m ch¸y
cho chèt quay xuèng d−íi, ®Ëp nhÑ chèt xuèng nÒn nhµ. Hai dung dÞch ho¸ chÊt trén lÉn víi
nhau, ph¶n øng sinh bät vµ h−íng vßi phun vµo ®¸m ch¸y. Lo¹i b×nh nµy t¹o ra ®−îc 45 lÝt
bät trong 1.5phót, tia bät phun xa ®−îc 8m.
2. B×nh ch÷a ch¸y tetaccloruacacbon CCl4:
-B×nh ch÷a ch¸y lo¹i nµy cã thÓ tÝch nhá, chñ yÕu dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y trªn «t«, ®éng c¬ ®èt
trong vµ thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn.
-CÊu t¹o cã nhiÒu kiÓu, th«ng th−êng nã lµ 1 b×nh thÐp chøa kho¶ng 2.5 lÝt CCl4, bªn trong cã
1 b×nh nhá chøa CO2.
- 92 -
-Vá b×nh ch÷a ch¸y b»ng khÝ CO2 lµm b»ng thÐp dµy chÞu ®−îc ¸p suÊt thö lµ 250kg/cm2. vµ
¸p suÊt lµm viÖc tèi ®a lµ 180kg/cm2. NÕu qu¸ ¸p suÊt nµy van an toµn sÏ tù ®éng më ra ®Ó x¶
khÝ CO2 ra ngoµi.
-B×nh ch÷a ch¸y lo¹i nµy cã loa phun th−êng lµm b»ng chÊt c¸ch ®iÖn ®Ó ®Ò phßng khi ch÷a
ch¸y ch¹m loa vµo thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn.
-Khi ®em b×nh ®i ch÷a ch¸y, cÇn mang ®Õn thËt gÇn chæ ch¸y, quay loa ®i 1 gãc 90o vµ h−íng
vµo chæ ch¸y, sau ®ã më n¾p xo¸y. D−íi ¸p lùc cao, khÝ tuyÕt CO2 sÏ qua èng xiph«ng vµ loa
phun råi ®−îc phun vµo ngän löa.
-B×nh ch÷a ch¸y b»ng khÝ CO2 kh«ng dïng ®Ó ch÷a ch¸y c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn, nh÷ng thiÕt bÞ
quý,... Kh«ng ®−îc dïng b×nh ch÷a ch¸y lo¹i nµy ®Î ch÷a ch¸y kim lo¹i nh− c¸c nit¬rat, hîp
chÊt tÐcmÝt,...
1.Th©n b×nh 2.èng xiph«ng 3.Van an toµn 4.Tay cÇm
5.N¾p xo¸y 6.èng dÉn 7.Loa phun 8.Gi¸ kª
4.Vßi rång ch÷a ch¸y:
-HÖ thèng vßi rång cøu ho¶ cã t¸c dông tù ®éng dËp t¾t ngay ®¸m ch¸y b»ng n−íc khi nã míi
xuÊt hiÖn. Vßi rång cã 2 lo¹i: kÝn vµ hë.
a/Vßi rång kÝn:
-Cã n¾p ngoµi lµm b»ng kim lo¹i dÔ ch¶y, ®Æt h−íng vµo ®èi t−îng cÇn b¶o vÖ (c¸c thiÕt bÞ,
c¸c n¬i dÔ ch¸y). Khi cã ®¸m ch¸y, n¾p hîp kim sÏ ch¶y ra vµ n−íc sÏ tù ®éng phun ra ®Ó dËp
t¾t ®¸m ch¸y. NhiÖt ®é nãng ch¶y cña hîp kim, phô thuéc vµo nhiÖt ®é lµm viÖc cña gian
phßng vµ lÊy nh− sau:
· §èi víi phßng cã nhiÖt ®é d−íi 40o lµ 72o.
· §èi víi phßng cã nhiÖt ®é tõ 40o-60o lµ 93o.
· §èi víi phßng cã nhiÖt ®é d−íi 60o-100o lµ 141o.
· §èi víi phßng cã nhiÖt ®é cao h¬n 100o lµ 182o.
b/Vßi rång hë:
-Kh«ng cã n¾p ®Ëy, më n−íc cã thÓ b»ng tay hoÆc tù ®éng. HÖ thèng vßi rång hë ®Ó t¹o
mµng n−íc b¶o vÖ c¸c n¬i sinh ra ch¸y.![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image015.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image018.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image019.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image020.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image022.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image024.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image025.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image026.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image027.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image028.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image012.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image029.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image030.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image031.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image032.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image033.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image034.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image023.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image035.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image036.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image037.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image038.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image039.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image041.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image042.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image043.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image044.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image045.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image046.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image047.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image040.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image048.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image049.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image050.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image051.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image052.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image053.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image054.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image055.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image056.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image057.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image058.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image059.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image060.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image062.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image064.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image065.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image066.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image067.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image061.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image063.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image068.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image069.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image070.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image071.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image072.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image073.gif) ![](file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image074.gif)
|